Most important contribution to Psychoanalytic Theory
Human beings are not masters of their own destinies. Their behaviors are driven by the need to gratify basic biological needs and instincts.
5 Central Components of Freud's theory and their implication for counseling
1-Client developmental history needs to be considered for full understanding of the client.
2-Object Relations: experiences with others and the impact they have on our lives.
3-The need to refine our thinking about the unconscious dimension of human devel
Object Relations
Relationships we have with important people and the continuing impact these relational experiences have on our lives
Freud's stages of development
1-Oral Stage: Issue of Trust
2-Anal Stage: Issue of Control
3-Phallic State: Sex Role Development
4-Latency Stage: Shifting Interests
5-Genital Stage: Ongoing Challenges
Freud's 3 Psyche Components
1-Id: Pleasure Principle
2-Ego: Reality Principle
3-Superego: Morality Principle
According to Freud, why do we use defense mechanisms?
To deal with uncomfortable and threatening inner thoughts and feelings due to "free-floating" (unconscious) anxiety.
free-floating" anxiety
anxiety that is not accurately or consciously understood in our personal psyches
repression and continuation
generic concept of all defense mechanisms; some of our behavior, thoughts, and actions are repressed developmental continuations from the past.
denial
refusing to recognize traumatic and troublesome pasts because they are repressed in unconscious
projection
refusing to recognize behaviors or thoughts in oneself and seeing or projecting these behaviors and thoughts onto someone else. often being troubled by behavior in others that is similar to our own behavior
displacement
feelings or thoughts are transferred or directed toward a person other than the originating source
sublimation
more positive defense mechanism; takes repressed instinctual energy and unconscious continuations from the past and channels them to constructive work such as artistic, physical, or intellectual endeavors
fixation
being immobilized at an earlier developmental stage (oral, anal, phallic)
rationalization
making up rational reason for irrational or inconsistent behavior
regression
returning to earlier childhood behavior when faced with life event that somehow resembles old traumatic injury (trigger)
conversion
translating unconscious mental functioning into physical symptoms such as headaches
identification
acting and behaving like someone else
reaction-formation
doing the opposite of unconscious wishes
provocative behavior
acting in such a way that others are provoked to do to one what one is unable to do to oneself; such as showing anger or love
Psychoanalytic techniques
1-Free Association
2-Interpretation
3-Dream Analysis
4-Analysis of Resistance
5-Analysis of Transference and Countertransference
free association
A psychodynamic technique designed to tap into the client's unconscious by expressing their thoughts in response to a specific cue such as a word, number, dream image
interpretation
a sophisticated and complex skill of psychodynamic counseling in which the client experience is renamed into an alternative frame of reference or worldview. Seeks to identify and give new meaning to wishes, needs, and patterns from client's unconscious wo
talk therapy / theories
aimed to assist clients in changing their thoughts about themselves and the challenges they face as well as the possible behavioral changes they think they can make to lead more productive and satisfying lives, to help clients gain new insights about past
dream analysis in psychodynamic theory
the royal road to the unconscious" according to Freud. five-stage interview and emphasize focused free association on any important client topic that may emerge in the process.
Why is analysis of resistance important according to psychodynamic theory?
Resistance includes everything in the words and behaviors of the client that prevents access to unconscious material. The psychodynamic practitioner pays prime attention to resistance in order to find areas of repressed material.
Freudian slip
when a client accidentally substitutes one word for another or mixes two words together, often providing a clue as to underlying issues and resistance
Why analysis of transference is important in psychodynamic therapy
clients will sometimes project an imagined image on the therapist, literally transferring feelings and thoughts they have toward other people onto the counselor. Provides counselor with here-and-now information on the life experience of clients.
Why countertransference analysis is important in psychodynamic therapy
Countertransference often results in "blind spots" and can be destructive and disruptive to the interview process. Feelings must be isolated, identified, and worked through
Limitations of Psychodynamic therapy
1-Requires extensive study
2-Irrelevant for anyone other than highly verbal middle class client
3-Too closely associated with patriarchy and male domination
4-Impossible to test
acting-out behavior
associated with attachment theory, linked to anxious-resistant attachment reactions. maternal relationships were alternatively marked by acceptance and rejection. used to defend oneself against further anxiety and threat of experiencing repeated personal
avoidant behavior
associated with attachment theory, linked to anxious-avoidant attachment reactions. seen in children who are consistently rejected by their mothers or subjected to general environmental impoverishment in early childhood.
Two points of Attachment Theory
1-It describes the way individuals unconsciously develop personal attachments to key individuals, objects and ideas in early childhood.
2-It explains how attachments unconsciously impact people's thinking, feeling and behaviors later in their development.
Who are the theorists involved in Attachment theory?
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
What does Attachment theory emphasize?
The impact of mother-child relationship on later psychological development.
Ainsworth's Strange Situation 4 reaction types
Secure
Insecure
Avoidant
Ambivalent
Subliminal Priming
tuning certain neural pathways to certain events by involving sensory stimulus to alter a person's unconscious processes at the neurological level. Has also been used with Attachment theory.
Person involved with the Multicultural Psychodynamic Perspective?
Bruce Taub-Bynum
Main idea of Multicultural Psychodynamic Perspective
extends some of the unique dimensions of unconscious that Freud failed to address; expands our understanding of the comprehensive nature of psychological attachment to our families and cultural groups
family unconscious
Composed of extremely powerful affective emotional energies from the earliest life of the individual.
Family experiences unconsciously impact our constructions of the world in general and our views about sex roles in particular.
Interpersonal Therapy (ITP)
short-term supportive Psychodynamic approach to counseling and therapy that focuses on the ways that people's interpersonal interactions underlie psychological distress and disorder.
Focus of ITP (Interpersonal Therapy)
Practitioners direct client's attention to unconscious as well as the impact of one's childhood experiences on later life functioning
7 interventions of ITP
1-Focus on client's emotions
2-Exploration of client's resistance to treatment
3-Discussion of client's patterns in relationships and experiences
4-Taking a detailed client history
5-Emphasis on client current interpersonal experiences
6-Exploration of th
Distinctions of ITP
brevity and treatment focus
Therapist addresses only one or two problem areas in client's current life functioning
Adler's therapy
Individual Psychology
Who was Adler?
A Politically and socially oriented psychiatrist who showed great interest in the common person.
Social Interest and Individual Therapy
Everyone is innately driven to explore new and untapped dimensions of their human potential as a result.
This is central construct in Adlerian Therapy.
Teleological nature of humankind
Human development is largely impacted by goal-directed drives and purposeful actions. For Adler, heredity and early upbringing were less important than what the person made of them.
According to Adler, what are the 3 fundamental human needs?
1-The need to realize a state of perfectibility
2-The need to achieve a sense of personal competence
3-A need to experience an increased belongingness with other people.
How did Adler feel about women?
Adler was an early proponent of Women's rights. He repeatedly argued that women should be provided with the same opportunities as men if they are to move beyond the sense of inferiority that often resulted from their socialization in society.
Adler's Four Life Tasks
1-Friendships with others
2-Intimate and loving relationships
3-Satisfying and productive occupation or career
4-Developing a spiritual perspective in life.
Key concepts of Adlerian Therapy
1-Fictional Goals
2-Private Logic
3-Family Factors
4-Birth Order
5-Encouragements (most powerful method of changing a person's belief)
6-Equality of therapeutic relationship
7-Clients are discouraged rather than sick
fictional goals
According to Adler were developed during childhood and remain large at unconscious level throughout life. They strongly influence the way people think, feel, act throughout their lives.
private logic
According to Adler, is developed unconsciously to construct meaning of life experiences. Significantly affects the way individuals think and feel about their purpose in life and how to achieve fictional goals.
birth order and Adler
family constellation contributes to the formation of an individual's personality, fictional goals, and private logic. can also affect style of life.
phenomenological nature of human development
Adler believed the facts of one's life are not as important as one's perception of those facts. It is assumed that each individual perceives the world in a unique fashion
Adler's "style of life
each person is unique in:
-problem-solving styles and skills
-unique expression of her and his creativity
-attitudes toward life
-opinions about oneself
-efforts to fulfill social interest and drive for competence/superiority
-expression of one's entire p
Adlerian Theory Application Stages
1-Building a Trusting Relationship
2-The Assessment Stage
3-Promoting Insight
4-Reorientation
safeguarding
unconscious defense mechanism used to defend against examining and altering fictional goals acquired earlier in life, regardless of how unsatisfying, unrealistic, and self-defeating they may be. Adler builds a trusting relationship to combat against this
How Adler is different from Freud
1-Placed a greater value on people's consciousness in their development.
2-He did believe that biological factors and early childhood experiences impact one's development BUT not that they determine an individual's personality.
3-He placed a great emphasi
Techniques of Adlerian Therapy (12)
1-Therapeutical relationship
2-Analysis of lifestyles, family constellations, early memories, dreams, etc.
3-Promote Insight trough open-ended questions
4-Empathy
5-Confrontation
6- "What would be different if you didn't have this situation?
7-Encourageme
Limitations of Adlerian Therapy
1-The emphasis placed on the family constellation and the birth order in the helping process. An overemphasis on these issues in therapy may lead to an under examination of other aspects. 2-There is also little empirical validation of the birth order theo
What else did Adler focus on?
Preventive counseling interventions: built Child Guidance Centers in Vienna, original SBFC
Jung's Theory
Analytical Psychology
Focus of Jungian Theory
-Focuses on people's positive developmental potentials.
-cultural, strength-based
-Believes that people realize their human potential by finding ways to have a unique and positive impact in the world.
Jung's view on human development
transcendental nature: people are constantly undergoing various physical, cognitive, emotional, psychological, and spiritual changes in their lives.
Jung's 3 Levels of Consciousness
1-Ego: Conscious level, daily activities
2-Personal Unconscious: Thoughts, memories, wishes, impulses, experiences that have been forgotten or repressed, that have lost their intensity and importance over time or that have never had enough psychic energy
Archetypes
Emotionally charged images and thought forms that have a universal meaning. They cause us to react a certain way to common human experiences.
Key Archetype: Mandala (Unity of Life)
Anima
psychological complex, Unconscious beliefs and feelings in a man's psyche relating to the opposite gender.
Animus
Unconscious beliefs and feelings in a women's psyche relating to the opposite gender
Puer / puer complex
Eternal youth, dread of growing up
Senex / senex complex
Archetypal old men, driven to act out an old man role in creative or destructive ways
The Shadow
Represents the dark side of an individual's personality. It includes motives, images, thoughts, feelings what we do not wish to acknowledge but are part of our psychological constitution.
In a sense, opposite of persona. The Shadow embraces the socially r
Persona
Our public personality, aspects of ourselves that we reveal to others.
In a sense, opposite of shadow. Persona seeks social acceptance.
Individuation according to Jung
Process of reconciling and integrating archetypal tensions that underlie these psychological opposites.
Introvert
Focuses on their inner thoughts and feelings before responding to the external world. Ex: Cautious, shy, timid, reflective.
Extrovert
Individual whose interests center on surrounding people and things rather than on one's inner thoughts and feelings. Ex: Outgoing, sociable, assertive, energetic.
Jungian Stages of Application
1-Catharsis and Emotional Cleansing
2-Elucidation
3-Education
4-Transformation
Catharsis and Emotional Cleansing
First stage of Jungian therapy; building rapport, an alliance, & trusting relationship with client. Getting a deeper understanding to explain emotions
Elucidation
Second stage of Jungian therapy: help construct new meanings, interpretation of client's archetypes, analysis of transference/countertransference
Education
Third stage of Jungian therapy; support and encourage client to individuate, educate on aspects of life that have been found lacking, provide new insights.
Transformation
Fourth stage of Jungian therapy; client has increasing capacity for change, self-realization, deep focus on shadow side
culture bearer
where we first experience and learn about culture, usually family is culture bearer
Jungian Psychological Types
Introvert, Extrovert, Thinking type, Feeling Type, Sensing type , Intuitive Type
How Jung is different from Freud
1-He writes about people's positive developmental potentials
2-Believes that people realize their potential by finding ways to have a unique and positive impact in the world.
3-Stresse positive, cultural, and strength-based factors in a person's developme
Trusting Relationships (Adlerian)
First Stage of Adlerian; respect, warmth, acceptance empathy
Assessment (Adlerian)
Second Stage of Adlerian; early recollections, memories, positive impacts of birth order, dream meaning, life tasks
Promoting Insight (adlerian)
Third Stage of Adlerian; interpretation, give meaning, confrontation, unconscious->conscious
Reorientation (Adlerian)
Fourth Stage of Adlerian; insights->actions, alternative ideas, confrontational approach
collective cultural unconscious
Similar to Jung's notion of collective unconscious, develops from the cumulative experiences individuals encounter in the overarching cultural context within which they and their families are situated.
soul wound
the unconscious psychic conflicts and pain many Native Americans continue to experience as a result of having their cultural way of life destroyed by White European settlers.