Optimism is a tendency toward a(n) ________.
positive outlook and positive expectations
Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor?
Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.
Which of the following do not contribute to tension headaches?
depression
________ is a state of intense engagement in an activity; it is usually experienced while participating in creative work and leisure endeavors.
flow
Which type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail?
primary
Hans Selye's definition of stress is considered a response-based definition because it conceptualizes stress chiefly in terms of the ________.
body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it
Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress?
The immune system is weakened.
In Hans Selye's rat study, rats that were exposed to stressors over a long period of time showed signs of ________.
adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration
Paolo is a writer and when he sits down in front of his computer he can write for hours, forgetting to eat and ignoring his phone because he is intensely engaged in writing. While he is writing, Paolo is experiencing ________.
flow
A ________ psychologist might investigate why people continue to smoke or eat high fat and processed food despite knowing the potential adverse health implications of such behaviors.
health
A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________.
stressor
What triggers the secondary appraisal of a stressor?
how a threat is perceived
Heather considers taking a new job. She focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than her increased responsibilities; therefore, she views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________.
challenge; threat
Which of the following is an example of a secondary appraisal of a stressor?
Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective.
Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.
physiological
Ehab is a high school science teacher. He recently received a Teacher of the Year award for his district, but he believes he only received it because no one else bothered to apply for it. He is a popular teacher, but he is convinced the students only pretend to like him so they will get better grades. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?
minished personal accomplishment
________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating.
distress
Who defined stress as, "the response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions"?
Hans Selye
Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can't stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________.
posttraumatic stress disorder
What can be changed to make the following sentence true? The physical symptoms of psychophysiological disorders are nonexistent, and they can be produced or exacerbated by psychological factors.
The word "nonexistent" should be changed to the word "real.
How can a study that involves exposing people to live viruses demonstrate a link between stress and impaired immune function?
Stress weakens the immune system, so people with high stress levels should be more likely to get sick.
________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes.
biofeedback
Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush.
Type A
Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives?
positive psychology
Which of the following is an example of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
Latricia has been lost in the woods for days. After such a long period of anxiety and fear, Latricia collapses by a tree.
What is a major criticism of both the stimulus- and response-based definitions of stress?
These definitions provide a complete definition of stress.
Marcy is in a car accident. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.
acute
Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________. These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases.
significantly elevated rates of heart disease
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? It is well established that long (aerobic) but not short (anaerobic) duration exercise is beneficial for both physical and mental health.
The phrase "but not" should be changed to the word "and.
Oleksiy is an adjunct professor in the Department of Fine Arts. He applied for a full-time job recently, which he did not get. He tries to put this situation in a positive light, reminding himself that he will have more time to produce artwork if he is not working a full-time job. He also reminds himself that some of his friends from grad school can't find work related to art in any way. Which type of coping approach is Oleksiy using?
emotion focused
A stressor would be appraised as a ________ if someone anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence; however, if someone believes that it carries the potential for gain or personal growth, it would be appraised as a ________.
threat; challenge
Which of the following is an example of eustress?
training for a marathon
The Center for Investigating Healthy Minds conducts rigorous academic research on ________.
healthy aspects of the mind, such as kindness, forgiveness, compassion, and mindfulness
Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress?
Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.
What should be changed to make the following statement true? In the general adaptation syndrome, the fight-or-flight reaction describes the body's immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency.
he phrase "fight-or-flight" should be changed to the word "alarm.
Which of the following is an example of a stressor?
being in car accident
Taylor is a social worker. He is overworked, his caseload is overwhelming, and he no longer believes that what he does on a day-to-day basis has any real impact or improves anyone's life. Taylor is probably suffering from ________.
job burn out
Which of the following statements about the relationship between stress and performance is true?
As stress levels increase from low to moderate, performance also increases.
Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.
cognitive
What is one reason that more affluent individuals may experience better health?
They tend to believe they can personally control and manage their reaction to life's stressors.
A(n) ________ attack is often triggered by environmental factors, such as air pollution, allergens, cigarette smoke, airway infections, cold air or a sudden change in temperature, and exercise.
asthma
Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease?
Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease.
Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response.
fight-or-flight
Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences ________.
less stress than someone who has no effective options
Is anger suppression or anger expression a more effective approach for coping with racism?
Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.
Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a(n) ________.
daily hassle
Factory worker, supermarket cashier, and short-order cook are all examples of occupations with high levels of ________.
job strain
When did the term stress enter scientific literature?
1938
A high-stress job, overcrowding, and long commutes to work are examples of the way some psychologists conceptualize stress as a ________.
demanding or threatening event or situation
Which of the following is a good example of a response-based definition of stress?
Bruce experiences stress because his heart rate increased when he noticed Jack had a knife.
What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory?
Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.
________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.
eustress
Anna is a school counselor. She hates going to work and wants to lock the door and cry whenever a student comes to her for help. She just doesn't feel like she has anything left to give. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?
exhaustion
Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________.
forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart
People who reach the ________ level of stress feel burned out; they are fatigued, exhausted, and their performance begins to decline.
distress
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In high-stress humans, exercise has been shown to prevent telomere lengthening.
The word "lengthening" should be changed to the word "shortening.
Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.`
chronic
Alma has a serious disease in which the airways of her respiratory system become obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs. Which disease does Alma have?
asthma
Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________.
social support
Which of the following statements about the male and female experience of stress is true?
Women report experiencing more stress than men.
Noomi seems to live by the "don't sweat the small stuff" concept. She is relaxed, laid-back, and never seems too concerned about meeting deadlines or finishing a to-do list. Noomi has a ________ personality.
Type B
A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________.
anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence