The nervous system is composed of ? and ?, and other cell types.
neurons; glial cells
? neurons propagate action potentials (APs) from receptors in the skin, sense organs, muscles, joints, and viscera (internal organs) to the central nervous system (CNS).
Afferent or Sensory
? neurons propagate APs from the CNS to effector organs (muscles or glands).
Efferent or motor
? neurons (or Interneurons) propagate APs from one neuron to another.
association
The three types of neurons work together to create a ?
neural network
the ?, or gray matter, of the brain, controls much of our behavior and thought.
cortex
the ?, which is responsible for such complex and abstract abilities as making plans and forming judgments.
frontal lobe
the ?, controls most of the voluntary movement of the body.
motor cortex
the ?, which is responsible for combining sensory information.
parietal lobe
the ?, which registers and processes body sensation.
sensory cortex
the ?, which is involved in vision
occipital lobe
Inside both temporal lobes (the thumbs) are the ? and ?
hippocampus;amygdala
the ?, is linked to emotional reactions such as fear and anger.
limbic system
the ?, which is responsible for the heartbeat and breathing,
medulla
the ?, which is responsible for general arousal.
reticular formation
The ? are involved in initiating movement and in controlling fine movements.
basal ganglia
The ? is a relay station for messages between the lower brain centers and the cerebral cortex.
thalamus
The ? directs maintenance activities such as eating, drinking, and body temperature.
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus also helps govern the ? via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.
endocrine system
A ? is an involuntary response to a stimulus that does not require conscious thought.
reflex
The components of a reflex include:
(1) the stimulus; (2) a sensory (afferent) neuron; (3) in some cases an association neuron (or interneuron); (4) a motor (efferent) neuron, and; (5) a response.
The simplest reflex is the knee jerk reflex (see Image 1). This reflex is ?, meaning that it involves only one synapse (i.e., a junction between two neurons) between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron.
monosynaptic
Motor neurons receive both ? and ? synapses from different presynaptic neurons.
inhibitory;excitatory
Inhibition of motor neurons is important in reflexes that involve ? muscles, such as the quadriceps and hamstring
antagonistic
Damage to the body's tissues will elicit a feeling of pain, but how is this achieved?
Pain receptors (called nociceptors) transmit action potentials along afferent nerves to the spinal cord and then upward to the brain. When the brain processes the signal and interprets it as pain, the affected individual become conscious of the pain.
Pain can be ? because sensory neurons originating from distinct areas of the body often converge (i.e., travel through the same nerve pathways) in the spinal cord and brain.
referred
Amputees frequently report that they feel pain in their missing limbs (known as the ? phenomenon).
phantom limb
Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) have three states
Closed and ready to open, Open and conducting (Na+), and Inactive
? neurons propagate action potentials from the CNS to effector organs, whereas ? neurons propagate action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS.
efferent;afferent
The ? region of the brain acts as a relay station for messages between the lower brain centers and the cerebral cortex.
thalamus
A reflex is an ? (one word) response to a stimulus. The simplest reflex is the knee jerk reflex, which is ?
(one word) because it only involves a single synapse between a sensory and a motor neuron.
involuntary;monosynaptic
Generally, what is the proper order for the series of neural components associated with a reflexive response? Please select the proper order from the multiple choice responses below.
a) interneuron (not all cases)
b) response
c) stimulus
d) efferent neuro
stimulus, afferent neuron, interneuron, efferent neuron , response
True or False: Inhibition of motor neurons is important in reflexes that involve antagonistic muscles
True
Examples of reflexes
cutaneous
?
?
?