Empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
Structuralism(School of Psychology)
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
Functionalism(School of Psychology)
a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
Experimental Psychology(Domain)
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
Behaviorism(School of Psychology)
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes; most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
Humanistic Psychology(Approach/Perspective)
Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth
Psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
Nature-Nurture Issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors; today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture
Levels of Analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
Biopsychosocial(Approach/Perspective)
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
Biological Psychology(Approach/Perspective)
a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes
Evolutionary Psychology(Approach/Perspective)
the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection
Psychodynamic Psychology(Approach/Perspective)
a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
Behavioral Psychology(Approach/Perspective)
the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning
Cognitive Psychology(Approach/Perspective)
the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Social-Cultural Psychology(Approach/Perspective)
the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
Psychometrics(Domain/Job)
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
Basic Research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Development Psychology(Domain/Job)
the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
Educational Psychology(Domain/Job)
the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
Personality Psychology(Domain/Job)
the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Social Psychology(Domain/Job)
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Applied Research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology(Domain/Job)
the applications of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
Human Factors Psychology(Domain/Job)
the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments
Counseling Psychology(Domain/Job)
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
Clinical Psychology(Domain/Job)
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (i.e. drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
Forensic Psychology(Domain/Job)
Apply psychological principles to legal issues.
Experimental Psychology(Domain/Job)
Work on research to add new knowledge to the field
Wilhelm Wundt
Founder of scientific psychologyFather of PsychologyStructuralism
G. Stanley Hall
First President of APAStructuralism
Edward Titchener
StructuralismStudent of Wundt
Margaret Floy Washburn
First woman to complete PhD in psychologyStructuralism
William James
wrote Principles of PsychologyFunctionalism
Mary Whiton Calkins
First woman president of the APAFunctionalism
Ivan Pavlov
Behavioral ApproachClassical conditioning of dogs
John Watson
Behavioral ApproachClassical Aversive conditioningLittle Albert Experiment
BF Skinner
Behavioral ApproachOperant Conditioning (rewards/punishment)Skinner Box (pigeons)
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis (Father of)
JungAdlerHorneyKohut
Psychodynamic Approach
Carl Rogers
Humanistic ApproachUnconditional Positive Regard
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic ApproachHierarchy of Needs
Jean Piaget
Cognitive ApproachCognitive development in children
Plato & Descartes
Behavior is innate (nature)
Aristotle & Locke
Behavior results from experience (nurture)