_____________ psychologists explore how we think about, influence and relate to one another.
Social
The fundamental attribution error is more apparent in ______ than it is in ____________.
individualistic Western countries; east Asian countries
You have very strong opinions about the tuition increase. However, once you are the student representative for the College Board, you develop a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory best explains why?
cognitive dissonance theory
_________ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept others; opinions about reality.
Informational social influence
Following the introduction of school desegregation in the U.S. and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, white Americans expressed ________ racial prejudice.
diminishing
_______ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, whereas ________ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality.
normative social influence; informational social influence
People who are happily married will attribute a spouse's cutting remarks ___________, whereas people who are NOT happily married will attribute such remarks ________.
to a temporary situation; to a mean disposition
The tendency for the observer, when analyzing others, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, is known as:
the fundamental attribution error
We feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. This is known as:
the chameleon effect
Dr. Cheng studies social influence. He is concerned because he is finding that rates of conformity in his experiments are much higher than those reported by his cousin, another social influence researcher. Which of the following reasons might account for this difference?
Dr. Cheng is conducting his experiments in a country that prizes collectivism, whereas his cousin is conducting experiments in a country that prizes individualism.
Discrimination is a negative ____, whereas prejudice is a negative ______.
behavior; attitude
Maggie has strong and negative attitudes towards eating meat. She believes that meat is an unhealthy way to obtain protein which is a(n) ______ and she refuses to socialize with people who eat meat which is an example of a(n) _____.
prejudice; discrimination
Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the:
scapegoat theory
The catharsis hypothesis suggests that people feel better if they vent their emotions by "blowing off steam." However, playing violent video games increases aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. These findings:
disconfirm the catharsis hypothesis.
Shortly after learning he did not make it onto his high school football team, Alex vandalized the team's locker room and broke several of the school's windows. His behavior is best explained in terms of:
the frustration-aggression principle
When temperatures go up in the summer, the rates of violent crimes increase. This is best explained in terms of:
the frustration-aggression principle
A negative attitude towards another group of people is referred to as _________ and is based on a mixture of beliefs called __________.
prejudice; stereotypes
Deficits in the functioning of the _________, accompanied by lower intelligence, are associated with aggression.
frontal lope
________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy.
Aggression
Max does not recycle glass, plastic or metal garbage because he thinks it is inconvenient and has minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics of:
a social trap
Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the actions of the other country as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation best illustrates:
mirror-image perceptions
Although Natalie receives slightly greater rewards from her marriage than her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of:
equity
In terms of the bystander effect, the best odds of our helping someone include all of the following EXCEPT:
we are in a hurry
You decide that your free time over the weekend to volunteer at the Special Olympics is not as important as the good feelings and the joy of giving back to the community. This illustrates the:
social exchange theory
Though neighbors heard Kitty Genovese screaming for help as she was being murdered, they failed to call the police in time to save her. This best illustrates:
the bystander effect
Hostilities between a riverfront community's two racial subgroups were dramatically reduced when the threat that the river would flood its banks required them to work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of:
superordinate goals
______ is a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas.
A conflict
This situation occurs when we reach rationally pursue our own self-interests but become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
the social trap
This is an aroused state of intensive positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
passionate love
Everyone is attempting to get onto the Internet at the same time despite the fact that the Internet provider has asked people to log on only during off-peak hours. This best illustrates the dynamics of:
a social trap
He insisted that madness was not a demon possession but a sickness of the mind caused by sever stresses and inhumane conditions.
Pinel
Around the world, people may experience the same genetically-based disorder quite differently, depending on their personal expectations and their cultural definition of abnormality. This best illustrates the need for:
a biopsychosocial approach
Historically there have been a variety of models used to explain psychological disorders. The _______ model assumes that mental disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated.
medical
Your professor asks you on what axis diabetes would fall under. You answer:
Axis III
General medical conditions belong on which axis?
2000; 1994
John is a patient who reports significant anger, hostility, and overall disregard for people. He has been diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder. His personality disorder belongs on which Axis?
II
According to a study in 2004 by the World Health Organization, the lowest rate of reported mental disorders was in:
the United States
According to a study in 2004 by the World Health Organization, the lowest rate of reported mental disorders was in:
Shanghai
According to one study, immigrants to _______ from Mexico, Africa, and Asia average better mental health than their native counterparts.
the United States
________ is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of mania.
Bipolar disorder
Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder characterized by signs of depression (e.g., lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of interest in family, friends, and activities.) To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, these signs must:
last for two or more weeks.
In terms of persuasiveness, _______ is to psychological disorders as the common cold is to mild physical illnesses.
depression
Mr. James believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that the FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. James is most clearly suffering from:
delusions
One of the hallmarks of schizophrenia is disorganized thinking. Theorists suggest that people with such disorganized thoughts have:
persectuion
Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
hallucinations or social withdrawl
This subtype of schizophrenia is characterized by a variety of symptoms.
undifferentiated
Frank was seen laughing inappropriately in the library as if he was responding to internal stimuli. On the bus home, he was crying uncontrollably and suddenly became angered when a fellow passenger offered a tissue. His excess of inappropriate behavior known as:
positive symptoms
Nearly 1 in ________ people will develop schizophrenia.
in 10
While researchers have discovered that there are an excessive number of receptor sites for ________, it is not the only neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia.
dopamine
The relationship between the season in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia best highlights the role of ________ in this disorder.
viral infections
Although Mark realizes his behavior is unreasonable, he is so distraught by high bridges that he avoids them and takes unnecessary lengthy route to work each day. Mark appears to suffer from a(n):
phobia
If you have an intense fear of speaking in public, eating out, or going to parties, you may be suffering from:
social phobia
__________ is an anxiety disorder characterized by symptoms that include haunting memories and nightmares, jumpy anxiety, social withdrawl, and insomnia.
post-traumatic stress disorder
A sudden loss of memory is one symptom of a(n):
dissociative disorder
Angel has been arrested for grand theft auto. He claims that it wasn't him and he knows nothing about the crime as his alter ego must have done it. The court-appointed psychiatrist immediately that Angel does not suffer from ______ as the host is never co-conscious with the alter egos.
dissociative identity disorder
In the 1980's, when the DSM contained the first formal code for DID, the number of DID diagnoses in North America exploded to more then:
20,000
Over the past 50 years, the incidence of anorexia nervosa has steadily increased. This is most clearly attributable to:
cultural ideals of beauty that increasingly encourage thinness
Episodes of overeating (typically with high calorie foods) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise are common in individuals with:
bulimia nervosa
Bobby stole money from the local grocery store on the corner to buy beer. He later assaulted a 72 year old woman and stole her purse. In the alley, he dumped the purse, went to Starbucks for a cup of coffee, and proceeded to take the train over to the South side. On the train, someone stepped on his shoes, and he threw the hot coffee on their face and laughed. Bobby would be considered to have a:
antisocial personality disorder
Jackie is extremely afraid of rejection. Because of this, she has always been withdrawn. Her inflexible and enduring behavior patterns have impaired her social functioning, and she would likely be considered to have a(n):
avoidant personality disorder
Thomas was called into his boss' office last week for once again overstepping the boundaries of his job position. Thomas had told the director of research that he was the one running the show and it would only be a matter of time before he was in his boss' position. When confronted, Thomas told his boss that it was true and no one seems to understand that he is the one in charge. Thomas would be considered to have a(n):
narcissistic personality disorder
The introduction of therapeutic drugs and community-based treatment programs in the _________ helped to empty large mental hospitals as well as mark an era of improved treatments.
1950s
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are likely to be treated with ___________ therapy which acts directly on the patient's nervous system.
biomedical
Your therapist is eclectic and believes in using these two empirically supported therapies for treating your depression.
behavior therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy
A therapist who uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic methods is said to be using a(n) ______ approach.
eclectic
At his weekly therapy session, Henry became agitated at his therapist, saying that he was controlling, domineering, and trying to ruin his life with all of her mothering. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates:
transference
_______ is the therapeutic developed by _______. The goal of this type of therapy is to help patients gain insight into repressed impulses and conflicts.
psychoanalysis; Freud
Who emphasized the importance of active listening in the process of psychotherapy?
Carl Rogers
Client-centered therapists emphasize the importance of:
enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted
During a therapy session, Jenny focuses on several intrusive thoughts that have been bothering her. The therapist tells Jenny to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist is using a technique known as:
free association
Systematic desensitization is a form of:
exposure therapy
This theory is empirically supported for treating bed-wetting.
behavior modification
The goal of stress inoculation is to reduce incapacitating anxiety by encouraging people to say positive things to themselves during anxiety-producing situations. This best illustrates a form of:
cognitive therapy
Beck's therapy, which teaches people new and more adaptive ways of thinking and acting, and is based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions is called:
cognitive therapy
Several years after his wife's death, Mr. Sanchez remains incapacitated by feelings of guilt and sadness. To reduce Mr. Sanchez's depression, a therapist is actively encouraging him to stop blaming himself for his inability to prevent his wife's death. The therapist's approach is most representative of:
cognitive therapy
Your therapy with a 15 year old patient has been going well, but she tends to bottle her feelings discussing her relationship with her mother. You believe that she can benefit from her family's involvement which will promote positive communication. Today's session brings together your patient and her parents. You are engaging in:
family therapy
Family therapists view the family as a:
system
This therapy is empirically supported for treating depression.
behavior therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy
When people's symptoms of psychological distress are at their worst, anything they do to alleviate the condition is likely to be followed by improvement rather than further deterioration. This is best explained by:
regression toward the mean
It is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy because:
people often enter therapy in crisis, and these crises often pass without professional help.
John is a 28-year-old male who suffers from bipolar disorder. He does not like lithium because of the side effects. His doctor prescribes medication, originally used to treat epilepsy. This medication is:
Depakote
Which of the following drugs also blocks serotonin activity as well as dopamine?
Clozaril
___________ is a type of treatment that physically changes the brain's functioning.
Biomedical therapy
With __________, patients receive repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain, which can be used to stimulate activity in various areas of the brain.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Sharon was admitted to the hospital with severe depression. She nearly killed herself by slitting her wrists. The only reason she survived is because her husband came home from work early. The only type of treatment that can bring her out of depression quickly and potentially save her life is:
electroconvulsive therapy
Today, Ellen is going to the mental health clinic for a new treatment. During the procedure her brain will be exposed to repeated pulses of magnetic energy. This type of treatment is known as:
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
Anti-psychotic drugs are to ______ as a cork is to a _______.
dopamine receptors; bottle
If a patient suffers uncontrollable seizures, physicians can destroy specific nerve clusters that cause or transmit the convulsions. This best illustrates the procedure known as:
psychosurgery
Egas Moniz performed the first lobotomy in the:
1930s
Identifying and eliminating the socially stressful conditions that contribute to psychological disorders is of most central interest to the advocates of:
preventative mental health
After three days of taking a selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor (SSRI), Dennis is disappointed because he is not feeling any better. However, it generally may take up to ______ for this type of antidepressant to reach full effect.
4 weeks
Blake's doctor told her that she should not drink alcohol while taking Xanax. This is because antianxiety agents such as Xanax:
depress central nervous system activity
The patient you admitted to the unit has paranoid schizophrenia. Your orders call for 150 mg of Seroquel and 1-2 mg of this antianxiety medication to relax the patient and help with sleep. This medication is:
Ativan
Patients receive a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to treatment with:
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Nowadays, patients are very rarely treated using _______, a psychosurgical procedure in which the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain are cut.
lobotomy
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
role
a set expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a large request
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions a=clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior.
conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
prejudice
an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and it's members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory factors
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
discrimation
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
ingroup
Us" - people with whom we share a common identity
outgroup
Them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
social script
culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
companionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in destructive behavior
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated and Initiatives in Tension-Reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
psychological disorder
a significant dysfunction in a person's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
DSM-IV-TR
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, with an updated "text revisions"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
mood disorders
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
major depressive disorder
a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods or diminished interest or pleasure in most activities, along with at least four other squares
bipolar disorder
a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
mania
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common
schizophrenia
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and behaviors
psychosis
a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
delusion
false beliefs, often of persecution of grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety of maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in state of autonomic nervous system arousal
panic disorder
an anxiety disorders marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening senstations
phobia
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
obsessive-compulsive disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawl, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
dissociative disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formally called multiple personality disorder.
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% of more) underweight
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting
binge-eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging of fasting that marks bulimia nervosa
personality disorder
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on person's physiology
eclectic approach
an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
interpretation
in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).
psychodynamic therapy
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight
insight therapies
a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth
active listening
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature Roger's client-centered therapy.
unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
behavior therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
counterconditioning
behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
exposure therapies
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid
systematic desensitization
a type or exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
virtual reality exposure therapy
an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
aversive conditioning
a type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
cognitive-behavioral therapy
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
group therapy
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction
family therapy
therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
evidence-based practice
clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
resilience
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology
psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
antianxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression and some anxiety disorders. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
lobotomy
a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion controlling centers of the inner brain
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others