Piaget's Theory -Sensorimotor Stage
(see also Cognitive Developmental Theory), The first stage in Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (birth to 2) where a child's primary way of learning about the world is through the senses and movement.
Cognitive Developmental Theory
Piaget- , occurs in a series of four distinct, universal stages. (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational)
Schemes
Mental representations of categories of objects, events, and people.
adaptation
the process of becoming adapted to an environment; an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral change that improves a population's ability to survive
assimilation
interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
organization
the process by which one recognizes what sensory input represents
Violation of expectation
They expose a baby to an expected event and an unexpected event, heightened attention to the unexpected event suggests the infant is surprised by a deviation from physical reality and therefore is aware of that aspect of the physical world.(can't see carr
Information Processing -Inf. and Toddl.
Information flows through a three part system, the sensory register, working- or short-term memory, and long-term memory (the central executive is the conscious directing the incoming information and what to attend to)
Sensory Register
a memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information
short-term memory
actively apply mental strategies as we "work" on a limited amount of information
long-term memory
-a relatively permanent store or knowledge base
Recall
is more challenging than recognition because it involves remembering something not present
Recognition Memory
the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact
Skinner
United States psychologist and a leading proponent of behaviorism (1904-1990)
Chomsky
challenged Skinner; said that children are biologically prepared to learn words and use grammar, born with capacity for language (aka universal grammar)...part of brain call the LAD (Language Acquisition Device)
Progression of language development
2 months-cooing vowel like noises
4 months- babbling repeat consonants like bababa
2nd half of 1st year- over and under extensions of words, single word utterances
toddlers-2 word utterances called telegraphic speech (like telegram they leave out less imp
over-extensions
meanings are too broad, daddy for all men
under-extensions
(ex. bird=ostrich), First learn words they sometimes apply them too narrowly
telegraphic speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-"go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary" words.
Child Directed speech
a special form of speech with an exaggerated and high-pitched intonation that adults use to speak to infants and young children
Erikson's Theory - Infant and Todd.
Basic trust vs. Mistrust/Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Basic trust vs. Mistrust
1st stage in Erikson's stages of personality; Infant stage (Birth-2 years). Outcome involves optimism and serenity vs. pessimism and anxiety.
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
In Erikson's theory the psychological conflict of toddler-hood, which is resolved positively if parents provide young children with suitable guidance and appropriate choices
Temperament
A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
35% of children show combination's of easy, difficult, and slow to warm characteristics
Easy Child
A child whose temperament is characterized by establishment of regular routines in infancy, general cheerfulness, and easy adaptation to new experiences.
Difficult child
a child whose temperament is such that he or she is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely
Slow to warm child
(temp) characterized by inactivity; mild to low key reactions to environmental stimuli; negative mood; and slow adjustment to new experiences
Goodness of Fit model
how well the child learning environment is adapted to the child's temperament
Strange Situation
Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother in a playoff situation
Attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
Bowlby
attachment theorist who believed that the bond between infants and their parents was based on a biological drive for proximity that evolved through the process of natural selection. (promotes survival)
Drawing Development
1-Scribbles (age 2,primary form) to
2-Representational forms(around age 3) to
3-Realistic Drawings (3-4) to
4-Early Printing (3-5)
Sex Differences in Motor Skills
*boys are ahead of girls in activities that use force and power (jumping)
*girls are ahead in fine motor skills and balance and foot movement (skipping)
Piaget's Theory-The Preoperational Stage
Spans from 2-7 yrs. Marked by the child's use of symbols to represent objects and events and limitations in thinking (ego centrism-ability to see others view, conservation- physical objects stay the same, & hierarchical classifications-more yellow flowers
Dual representation
the realization that an object can be one thing while symbolizing another
egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
animistic thinking
a preoperational mode of thought in which inanimate objects are imagined to have life and mental processes ex: they might think their stuffed animals are real
private speech
Vygotsky, children's self-directed speech that they use to guide their behavior and talk themselves through new tasks -- this gradually turns to inner speech
scaffolding
Vygotsky's idea that learners should be given only just enough help so that they can reach the next level
overregularization
(approximately 3 years) applying rules to cases in which proper form is irregular; I hitted the ball, the mouses are running, I sawed the chair, applying a grammatical rule too widely and creating incorrect forms
Erikson's Theory - Initiative vs. Guilt
Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities, children encounter a widening social world, facing new challenges that require active, purposeful behavior; assume responsibility for their bodies, beha
Types of Play
Unoccupied play; solitary play; onlooker play; parallel play; associative play; cooperative play
Unoccupied play
the child is not engaging in play as it is commonly understood.
solitary play
The earliest form of play up to age 1 � to 2; a child engaged in a recreational activity alone
onlooker play
action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves
parallel play
activity in which children play side by side without interacting
associative play
Children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior
cooperative play
play in which two or more children engage, with a common goal that requires social interaction
physical aggression
A type of hostile aggression that harms others through physical injury. Includes pushing, hitting, kicking, punching, or destroying another's property.
verbal aggression
A type of hostile aggression that harms others through threats of physical aggression, name-calling, or hostile teasing.
relational aggression
form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumors, gossiping, and nonverbal put downs for the purpose of social manipulation
TV Violence & young children
* young children believe fictional violence is real
*short-term problems with parents and peers
*long-term link to aggressive behavior
*hardens children to aggression
Gender Stereotypes
General beliefs about characteristics that males and females are presumed to have; Ex. Girls play with dolls and boys play with trucks
Gender Identity
that part of a person's self-image that is determined by the person's gender, one's sense of being male or female
Authoritative parenting
parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making
Authoritarian parenting
A parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children.
Permissive parenting
an approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control
Uninvolved parenting
a style of parenting in which parents make few demands of their children and are unresponsive or rejecting
4 types of child abuse
physical, emotional, neglect, sexual