what is the practice of observing tiny objects using a transmitted beam of visible light
light microscopy
what is the most commonly used type of microscopy that uses a transmuted beam of light;specimen is viewed on an illuminated field of view
bright-field microscopy
what form of microscopy is able to resolve intracellular structures at 1000000x magnification
TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy
What type of microscopy reveals the details of surface structure of a specimen
SEM Scanning Electron Micr.
Oculars
Contribute to the total magnification. the ocular power is always 10x
Objectives
the lenses that can alternate
-scanning is the lowest power only 4 mag used to find a specimen
-low is 10x objective
-high is 40x
-oil immersion is the specialized magnification. very high mag 100x
Condenser
responsible for regulating the light striking the specimen.
aperture: the hole that allows light to pass
iris diaphragm is the control.. opens the aperture or closes it. it is like the iris of the eye.
Resolution
ability to discern two points
Magnification / Resolution
the more magnification increases the resolution decreases
How to compute magnifaction?
Total magnification requires the ocular lens magnification of 10x to be multiplied into what ever the objective lens magnification might be. once these two lens magnifications are combined it gives you the total magnification.
What is the scientific method
the process of observing /studying the natural world through evidence
what is the basic difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?
i - taking separate individual events and coming up with a generalization. reached from a specific example.
d- conclusion linked from natural world and makes prediction that is testable.
Observation vs Experiment
an observer is an uncontrolled study while an experiment has controlled variables in order to test the hypothesis.
Hypothesis
A predictive statement concerning the natural world that can be tested.
sample that goes through the steps of the experiment but does not contain the variables being tested
controlled sample
scientific name for the water flea
daphnia magna
independent variables?
the water, ethanol, and caffeine
dependent
fleas heart rate
1 possible hypothesis for the experiment
if the water flea is subject to various concentrations of caffeine then its heart rate will increase.
determinative tests performed in the lab resulted in a color change.. these are more specifically
colorimetric tests
it contains starch. this reagent will be treated with a reagent that will indicate the presence of sugar
Benedict's
what color will it be if the sugar were present in the sample tube? (positive result)
red/yellow
im a polymer. they test for my presence using a blue colored reagent (contains copper sulfate) that indicates the presence of special bonds between my component monomers.
protein
what are the special bonds referred to as?
peptide bonds
which reagent will be used for the presence of protien
biuert reagent
what would the color that would be indicative of a positive result?
purple/violet
im not a polymer. my presence can be found by using a simple piece of brown paper.
fat/oil
what kind of cell would be expected to contain starch
potato cell
in testing for the presence of sugar which negative control tube?
water / reagent
mechanical form of digestion. this process is accomplished by bile.
emulsification
where is the bile produced
liver
identity one characteristic feature of a plant cell that distinguishes it from a cell
chloroplasts
one distinguishing feature of an animal cell that distinguishes it from a plant cell
centroles
identity any two distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells
nucleus and organelles
which is the fastest rate of diffusion?
air
10% solution of starch and 10% glucose and immersed it into beaker of iodine (in distilled water) for a period of 30 min what color would the bag turn?
blue/black
this experiment would be testing for
the diffusion of iodine into the bag
Osmosis is the movement of ____ molecules across a membrane
water
___ concentration drives osmosis
hypertonic high concentration
what is dialysis tube made of
cellulose
what characteristic of dialysis tube makes it an ideal membrane
the tiny hole in all the tubing
30% sucrose
hypertonic- elevated concentration
distilled water
hypotonic- low concentration
bag of 30 % sucrose immersed in a beaker of water for 15 minutes
the weight of the bag would increase water would rush to the high concentration
this experiment would be testing for
osmosis
enzyme that we all have
catalase
hydrogen peroxide is the ____ for this catalase
substrate- is also what the enzyme works on
the enzyme catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into its component parts-
water and oxygen the index of activity is the bubbling of oxygen
breaks down the hydrogen peroxide we call this a
DEGRADATION
synthesis is make
what is the index of enzyme activity for this enzyme
o2
location where the enzyme binds to the hydrogen peroxide
active site
the initial fit for the enzyme and the hydrogen peroxide is
not perfect
why do most cellular reactions considered "energetically" improbable
the energy required is too high to actually reach when enzymes are added it lowers the Ea making the cellular reaction probable
why do enzymes make a reaction energetically improbable
the enzyme lowers the Ea which would cause the needed energy to decrease allowing the reaction to become more possible to reach
TEMP increases or impedes enzymatic activity.. how does it increase?
when temp increases it can cause the molecules to move fast although if it raises too high the enzymes can experience denaturalization
how can it also impeder?
we saw this in our experiment that enzymatic activity is the best when the temp is cooler this is when the reaction is at its prime. temp is as earlier stated, can impede activity by becoming too extreme by denaturalizing
enzymatic concentration has an effect on enzyme rate .... what effect does increasing the concentration of the enzyme have on the overall rte of the product formation?
increases the rate
would increasing substrate concentration have an effect on reaction rate?
no
an extreme drop in PH can affect enzymatic activity .. how does that affect enzymatic activity
DECREASES rate
explain why this is the case that it decreases the rate?
denaturalization.
last weeks lab featured an experiment in which the different photosynthetic pigments found in spinach leaves were separated by a method called
chromatography - method to separate compounds
Petroleum ether is a nonpolar solvent. Carotenoids had an Rf of 1.0 in the chromatography experiment. Cartenoids are very
nonpolar
in addition to light, there are two chemical compounds that are inputs into the process of photosynthesis
water and carbon dioxide
how should green light compare to white light in terms of overall oxygen production
green light did not create much oxygen compared to the white light. the elodea plants (being green) absorbed the white light better causing it to reflect its green light, creating more overall 02
pattern of light absorption that characterizes a photosynthetic pigment
absorption spectrum
chlorophyll B, cartenoids and xanthophylls are not the primary photosynthetic pigments in a plant they are specifically called
accessory pigments
Chlorophyll A is commonly called the universal chlorophyll
bc it is found virtually everywhere. absorbs well in the violet range
in the experiment which photosynthesis in white light was compared in the green light, you placed Elodea in a tube containing sodium bicarbonate solution
the sodium was a source of CARBON DIOXIDE for the elodea
the level of solution in a vertical tube should have risen if the elodea were placed in the presence of light.. this would have been the measure of oxygen production
co2 consumption is associated with which reaction of photosynthesis ?
light independent
We performed an experiment where the anaerobic reparatory activity of yeast on a variety of food molecules ... name two tested
glucose and sucrose
what is the identity of the gas produced in the experiment (indicator of the anaerobic respiratory process)
CO2
What is another common name for the anaerobic respiratory process in #1 and # 2
fermentation
what is another product of anaerobic produced by yeast?
ethanol
in the pea test (aerobic respiration) the KOH served as the
CO2 ABSORBER
the movement of dye in the test tube shows the consumption of
oxygen
which sample would result in the greatest respiratory rate?
germinating peas
what is the name of the gas produced as a consequence of aerobic respiration
CO2
what phase in the cell cycle is characterized by unduplicated uncondensed chromosomes
G1
What phase is characterized by duplicated condensed chromosomes?
M
phase where the cells will never divide?
G0
Prophase?
chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindles form
metaphase
chromosomes line up
anaphase
chromosomes separate
telophase
prophase in reverse
identify two events associated wit prophase of mitosis
the cell membrane breaks down
the chromosomes condense
cytokinesis that is characteristic of animal cells can be described as a process o "pinching" in this form of cytokinesis is sometimes called
cleavage furrow
the process of cytokinesis in plant cells contrasts with that of animal cells the form of cytokinesis found in plant cells is the
cell plate
which of the two phases of mitosis would be characterized by condensed chromosomes each chromosome composed of two chromatids
prophase and metaphase
what is the word used to identify the appearance of cell in the absence of mitosis
interphase
which phase of the cell cycle are characterized by a non-mitotic appearance
G1,S,G2