Aerobic Cell Respiration
the metabolic pathways that provide electrons for the electron transport system in the mitochondrial cristae, and provide protons for the formation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Cells obtain most of their ATP this way.
4 Processes:
-glycolosis
-pyruvate oxidation
-citric acid cycle (CAC)
-Oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis
pccurs in the cytoplasm, starts with glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2NAD+. , a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP
Pyruvate Oxidation
2nd step in cellular respiration occurs on the way to the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is oxidized into 1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-COA (2 carbons attached to coenzyme A)
Citric Acid Cycle
in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy, occurs in the mitochondria matrix
Chemiosmotic mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation
occurs on the inner membranes of the mitochondria, high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed down from an electron transport chain (ETC) to a lower energy state. The energy released is used to move hydrogen ions from the matrix into the inner membrane space.
Electron Transport Chain
ETC, a series of adjacent protein complexes on a membrane
Alpha ketogluteric acid
citric acid cycle disruptor, binds to Amonia (NH3)
Ways to dispose of Amonia
1) fish and amphibians-diffuse the amonia across the gills into the water
2) mammels and rest of amphibians-converts amonia into urea and then excretes it.
3)Birds and reptiles-convert amonia to urea, which is then converted to uric acid, not soluable in water.
Photosynthesis
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
Steps of Photosynthesis
1) Light dependant reactions
2) Light independant reactions
Light
visible elctromagnetic radiation travelling as waves of packets of energy called photons.
Frequency
the shorter the wave-length, the higher the frequency
the longer the wave-length, the lower the frequency
Photosynthetically Active Radiation
R-680nm
O-620nm
Y-580nm
G-520nm
B-460nm
I-
V-440nm
Photosythetic Pigments
Chlorophyll A--450nm, 680nm, primary photosynthetic pigment, uses red and blue light, generates high energy electrons.
Clorophyll B
Chlorophyll C
xanthophylls
carotenes
phycocyanin
phyoerythrin (ONLY IN RED ALGAE)
Absorbtion Spectrum
the wave length of light absorbed by a particular pigment
Chemiosmosis
moving high energy electrons through the ETC from a high concentration gradient to a low concentration gradient, and the energy released from that movement is used to transfer hydrogen ions across the cell membrane.
gene
section of chromosomes that are responsible for different traits
chromosomes
composed of chromatin, which is a combination of DNA and protiens
Ploidity
number of sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
haploid
1 set of chromosomes
diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
haploid number
the number of types of chromosomes
cell cycle
from "birth" to division, 3 stages
-interphase (18-19 hrs)
-mitosis (1 hr)
-cytokinesis (few minutes)
Interphase
3 steps:
G1-normal cell activity, growth of cytoplasm and organelles, and massive enzyme production
S (synthesis)-DNA replication
G2-mitrochondria and chloroplasts replicate, MTOC replicate and migrate to opposite ends, lots of tubulin produced
light dependant reactions
occur on the thylakoid or folds of plasma membrane in prokaryotes
photosystem
bundle of pigments incased in a transmembrane protein
photosystems (types)
P870--only found in bacterial photosynthesis
P680
P700
Cyclic Phosphorylation
used to power ATP synthase during chemiosmosis. high energy electrons are used from photosythesis at ETC to pump Hydrogen ions across the membrane.
Non-Cyclic Phosphorylation
starts with light and water, ends with ATP and NADPH
Light independant reactions
calvin cycle
carbon fixation
18 ATP +12 NADPH +6CO2--> C6H12O6 (glucose)
occurs in the stroma
# of cells in body
100 trillion