Anatomy
The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts
Physiology
The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions
Gross anatomy
examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye
Microscopic anatomy
examination of structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Surface anatomy
study of general form & superficial markings
Regional anatomy
study of specific area of body: like head, neck, trunk
Systemic anatomy
study of structure of organ systems
Developmental anatomy
study of changes that occur between conception & physical maturity
Embryology
study of changes during 1st two months
Clinical anatomy
medical, radiographic, surgical anatomy
Cytology
study of structure of individual cells
Histology
study of structure of tissues
Cell physiology
study of function of cells (within & between)
Special physiology
study of function of specific organs
Systemic physiology
study of function of organ system
Pathological Physiology
study of effect of diseases on organ or system functions
Molecular Level
atoms combine to form molecules
Cellular level
cells and their organelles; smallest living unit in body
Tissue level
group of cells working together to perform specialized function
Organ level
organs consist of 2 or more tissues working in combination
Organ system level
organ interactions to form a system
Organism level
highest level of organization; human
Intergumentary system
Major organs: skin, hair, sweat glands, nails
Intergumentary system
Functions: protects against environmental hazards; helps regulate body temperature; provide sensory information
Skeletal system
Major organs: bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow
Skeletal system
Functions: provides support & protection for other tissues; stores CA & other minerals; forms blood cells
Muscular system
Major Organs: skeletal muscles & associated tendons
Muscular system
Functions: provides movement; provides protection & support for other tissues; generates heat that maintains body temperature
Nervous system
Major Organs: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
Nervous system
Functions: Directs immediate responses to stimuli; coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems; provides & interprets sensory information about external conditions
Endocrine system
Major Organs: pituitary gland; thyroid gland; pancreas; adrenal glands; gonads (tested & ovaries); endocrine tissues in other systems
Endocrine system
Functions: Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems; adjusts metabolic activity & energy use by the body; controls many structural & functional changes during development
Cardiovascular system
Major Organs: heart; blood; blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
Functions: Distribute blood cells, water, & dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, & carbon dioxide; distributes heat & assists in control of body temperature
Lymphatic system
Major Organs: spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
Lymphatic system
Funnctions: Defends against infection & disease; returns tissue fluids to the bloodstrem
Respiratory system
Major Organs: Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Respiratory system
Functions: delivers air to alveoli (site in lungs where gas exchange occurs); provides oxygen to bloodstream; removes CO2 from bloodstream; produces sounds for communication
Digestive system
Major Organs: teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intesting, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Digestive system
Functions: processes & digests food; absorbs & conserves water; absorbs nutrient (ions, water & breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, & fats); stores energy reserves
Urinary system
Major Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Urinary system
Functions: Excretes waste products from the blood; controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced; stores urine prior to voluntar elimination; regulates blood ion cencentrations & pH
Male reproductive system
Major Organs: testes; epididymis; ductus deferens; seminal vesicles; prostate gland; penis; scrotum
Male reproductive system
Functions: produces male sex cells (sperm) & hormones
Female reproductive system
Major Organs: Ovaries; uterine tubes; uterus; vagina; labia; clitoris; mammary glands
Female reproductive system
Functions: Produces female sex cells (oocytes) & hormones; supports developing embryo from conception to delivery; provides milk to nourish newborn infant
Anatomical position
hands are at your side, palms facing forward, feet together
Supine position
person laying down face up in the anatomical position
Prone position
person laying down face down in the anatomical position
Cephalon
head
Cervicis
neck
Thoracis
thorax/chest
Brachium
arm
Antebrachium
forearm
carpus
wrist
manus
hand
gluteus
buttock
lumbus
loin
Pubis
anterior pelvis
Inguen
groin
Crus
anterior leg
sura
calf
tarsus
ankle
Pes
foot
planta
sole
anterior
the front; before
ventral
belly side
posterior
back
dorsal
behind
cranial
head
cephalic
head
superior
above; at a higher level
caudal
the tail
Inferior
Below; at a lower level
Medial
toward the body's longitudinal axis; toward midsagital plane
Lateral
away form the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsagittal plane
proximal
toward an attached base
distal
away from an attached base
superficial
at, near, or relatively close to the body surface
deep
farther from the body surface
transverse plane
lies at right angles to the long axis of the body; dividing it into superior and inferior portions (superior/inferior)
frontal plane
parallel to long axis of body extending from side to side; divides body into anterior and posterior portions (anterior/post
coronal plane
parallel to long axis of body extending from side to side; divides body into anterior and posterior portions (anterior/post
sagittal plane
parallel to long axis of body and extending from front to back; divides body into left and right portions (Left/right)
body cavities
internal chambers in which many vital organs are suspended
Ventral body cavity
thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity; separated by diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
left & right pleural cavities
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, most of large intestine; peritoneal cavity
Peritoneal cavity
Kidneys & pancreas
Pelvic cavity
Distal portion of large intesting, urinary bladder, reproductive organs