Magnification
Ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope and its actual size
Resolution
Ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one another
Contrast
Can be enhanced using dyes
Prokaryote
Simplest cells, no nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Ribosomes
Involved in protein synthesis
Cell wall
Support and protection
Glycocalyx
Traps water, protection
Appendages
pilli(attachment), flagella (locomotion)
Plasma membrane
hydrophobic layer
Cytoplasm
(everything inside)
guts
Nucleus
contains DNA
Cytosol
Region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane
Catabolism
Breakdown of a molecule into smaller components
Anabolism
Synthesis of cellular molecules and macromolecules
Translation
process of polypeptide synthesis
tRNA
Transfer RNA, brings amino acids
mRNA
Messenger RNA, information to make a polypeptide
Cytoskeleton
3 kinds-microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments
Mictrobules
Biggest, Dynamic instability-grow and shrink rapidly
Intermediate filaments
Stable, not very dynamic
Actin filaments
Smallest, dynamic polymers, muscle
Motor Proteins
Use ATP as energy source
Flagella and Cilia
(9+2)
Endomembrane system
Nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane
Nuclear Envelope
Double-membrane structure.
Nuclear Pores
Let molecules in and out
Chromosomes
Composed of DNA and protein, called chromatin in interphase cell
Rough ER
Ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis and sorting
Nucleoluso
Ribosome assembly occurs
Smooth ER
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium balance
Golgi Apparatus
Stacks" of flattened membrane disks. FULL of enzymes used to modify proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
Vesicles
Transport materials between stacks
Three overlapping functions
Secretion, processing, and protein sorting
Lysosomes
Breakdown of organic molecules
Autophagy
Recycling of worn-out organelles through endocytosis
Vacuoles
Central vacuoles in protists for expelling excess water
Peroxisomes
Small organelles found in all eukaryotic cells, NO DNA. Catalase breaks down H2O2 without forming dangerous free radicals
Semiautonomous organelles
Can grow and divide to reproduce themselves, but they are not completely autonomous because they depend on other parts of the cell for their natural components
Semiautonomous organelles names
Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Make ATP for cellular processes. Also synthesis, modification, and breakdown of other molecules
Chloroplasts
Harvests energy from light to synthesize organic molecules such as glucose
Nucleoluss
Special chromatin where ribosomes are made
Chromosomess
DNA + Proteins
Chromatin
Refers to chromosomes in the nucleus while the cell is NOT dividing
Endosymbiont Theory
Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts came from bacteria
Fluid Mosaic Model
It has lipids, like cholesterol, and proteins that allow for fluidity and for the membrane to be free
Membrane Proteins (3)
Integral, Transmembrane, and Perapheral
Functions of membrane proteins (3)
Interactions and signal transduction, transport across membranes, and cell-cell adhesion
High permeability
Small, nonpolar. NO energy. HIGH to low
Slight permeability
Small, polar. No energy but needs a protein. HIGH to low
Low permeability
Large, ions. Needs energy-ATP. LOW to high
Endocystosis
think ENTER
Exocytosis
think EXIT
Isotonic
Normal distribution
Hypertonic
More solutes (shriveled)
Hypotonic
More water less solutes (Large/High concentration of water) HIPPO