Metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Catabolic Reactions
break down large chemicals and release energy
Anabolic Reactions
Build up large chemicals and require energy
Photosynthesis
the process by which plants convert CO₂ and H₂O into carbohydrates
Examples of monosaccharides
Fructose, Glucose, Galactose, Mannose
Examples of disaccharides
Maltose, Sucrose
Fatty Tissue
Adipose
Examples of Steroids
cholesterol, sex hormones, corticosteroids
Steroids are...
Lipid derivatives
Polymers of Amino Acids are...
Proteins aka polypeptides
Amino acids are joined by...
peptide bonds
5 Protein Functions
hormones, enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins, antibodies
Hormones
proteins that function as chemical messengers secreted into the circulation
Enzymes
biological catalysts that act by increasing the rate of chemical reactions
Structural Proteins
contribute to the physical support of a cell or tissue
Transport Proteins
carriers of important materials
Antibodies
bind to foreign particles
Nucleolus
dense structure in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs
Ribosomes
sites of protein production
Endoplasmic Reticulum
network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell
Golgi Apparatus
receives vesicles from smooth ER, modifies them, redistributes them to the cell surface
Mitochondria
site of aerobic respiration, supplies energy
Lyse
burst
Endocytosis
process in which the cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium
Stages of Cell Division
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase
Meiosis
process by which sex cells are produced
Diploid
containing the full number of chromosomes
Haploid
containing half of the normal number of chromosomes
Spermatozoa
mature sperm
Ovum
egg
Monozygotic Twins
identical
Dizygotic Twins
fraternal
Stamen
male organ of the flower, consisting of the anther and the filament
Genotype
genetic makeup of an individual
Phenotype
physical manifestation of the genetic makeup of an individual
Homozygous
two copies of the same allele
Heterozygous
two different alleles
2 examples of sex-linked recessives
hemophilia and color-blindedness
Purines
adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines
cytosine and thymine
Adenine pairs with...
thymine
Guanine pairs with...
cytosine
3 Differences between RNA and DNA
sugar bound is Ribosecontains Uracil instead of Thymineusually single-stranded
3 Types of RNA
mRNAtRNArRNA
mRNA
carries the compliment of a DNA sequence and transports it from the nucleus to the ribosomes
tRNA
aids in the translation of mRNA's nucleotide code into a sequence of amino acids
rRNA
structural component of ribosomes, most abundant type of RNA
Nondisjunction
either the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate property during meiosis II
Examples of Mutagenic Agents
cosmic rays, X rays, ultraviolet rays, radioactivity, chemical compounds
2 examples of Genetic Disorders
phenylketonuria - inability to produce the proper enzyme to metabolize phenylalaninesickle-cell anemia - red blood cells become crescent-shaped because they contain defective hemoglobin
3 layers of the Gastrula
EctodermEndodermMesoderm
Ectoderm
develops into the integument organs, lens of the eye, retina, nervous system
Endoderm
develops into the epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts, liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder lining
Mesoderm
develops into the musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, and connective tissue
First Trimester
major organs begin to develop, heart begins to beat
Second Trimester
fetus begins to move around amniotic fluid, face appears human, toes and fingers elongate
Third Trimester
antibodies are transported from mother to fetus for protection, growth rate slows, fetus becomes less active because of lack of space
Path of Blood through the Circulatory System
Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium → Bicuspid Valve → Left Ventricle → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Superior/Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium
Purpose of the Lymphatic System
transports excess interstitial fluid (lymph) to the cardiovascular system, to keep fluid levels constant
Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells
Leukocytes
White Blood Cells
Universal Recipient
type AB
Universal Donor
type O
Xylem
Carry water and minerals UP the plant
Phloem
Carry nutrients down the stem
3 ways water is moved up the xylem
transpiration pullcapillary actionroot pressure
2 parts of the Adrenal Gland
adrenal medullaadrenal cortex
Secretes corticosteroids
adrenal cortex
Secretes Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
aka Pituitary Gland
hypophysis
...is located directly below the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
infundibulum
In children, too much/little growth hormone causes...
gigantism/dwarfism
In adults, too much growth hormone causes...
acromegaly
6 tropic hormones
adrenocorticotropic hormonethyroid-stimulating hormoneluteinizing hormonefollicle-stimulating hormonemelanocyte-stimulating hormoneendorphins
Portion of the Pituitary that synthesizes hormones
anterior pituitary
Portion of the Pituitary that stores and releases Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone
posterior pituitary
...regulates pituitary secretions
hypothalamus
...is both an exocrine organ and and endocrine organ
pancreas
...lowers blood sugar
insulin
...raises blood sugar
glucagon
...secretes the hormone melatonin
pineal gland