Aldehyde
Ketone
Carbonyl Group
Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
Alcohol
Methyl
CH?-
Ethyl
CH?-CH?-
Propyl
Isopropyl
Phenyl
Phenol
Benzene
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexene
Toluene
Aniline
...
Benzaldehyde
Acetophenone
-al
Ending used for an aldehyde
-one
Ending used for a ketone
-ol
Ending used for an alcohol
-yne
Ending used for an alkyne
-ene
Ending used for an alkene
-ane
Ending used for an alkane
Dec-
Prefix used for a 10 carbon chain
Non-
Prefix used for a 9 carbon chain
Oct-
Prefix used for an 8 carbon chain
Hept-
Prefix used for a 7 carbon chain
Hex-
Prefix used for a 6 carbon chain
Pent-
Prefix used for a 5 carbon chain
But-
Prefix used for a 4 carbon chain
Prop-
Prefix used for a 3 carbon chain
Eth-
Prefix used for a 2 carbon chain
Meth-
Prefix used for a 1 carbon chain
Conditions for Hydrogenation
H? and Ni, Pd, or Pt catalyst
Conditions for Hydration
H?O and acid (H?) catalyst
Conditions for Oxidation
[O]
Conditions for Dehydration
H?SO? and heat
Conditions for Reduction
H? and Ni, Pd, or Pt catalyst
2 Steps of Hydrogenation
1. One H bonds to each Double Bonded C
2. Remove Double Bond
2 Steps for Hydration
1. The -H and -OH bond to either Double Bonded C
2. Remove Double Bond
2 Steps for Oxidation
1. Remove -H from -OH group and -H from C to form H?O
2. Form the Double Bond between C and O.
2 Steps for Dehydration
1. Remove an -H and -OH on adjacent C's to form H?O
2. Form a Double Bond Between these adjacent C's
2 Steps of Hemiacetal Formation
1. Break C=O Double Bond of aldehyde or ketone
2. Add-H of alcohol to O; Add -OR of alcohol to C
2 Steps of Acetal Formation
1. Add -H of alcohol to -OH of hemiacetal, which leaves as H?O
2. Add -OR of alcohol to C of hemiacetal
Cis
Trans
Reactant for Hydrogenation
Alkene
Product of Hydrogenation
Alkane
Reactant for Hydration
Alkene
Product of Hydration
Alcohol
Reactant of Oxidation
1� alcohol, 2� alcohol, or aldehyde
Product of Oxidation of 1� alcohol
Aldehyde
Product of Oxidation of 2� alcohol
Ketone
Product of Oxidation of 3� alcohol
No Reaction
Product of Oxidation of Aldehyde
Carboxylic Acid
Product of Oxidation of Ketone
No Reaction
Reactants of Hemiactetal formation
Aldehyde or Ketone and Alcohol
Reactants of Acetal formation
Hemiacetal and Alcohol