Coccitti Microbiology Vocab Quiz Chapter 4

prokaryote

A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane

binary fission

prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells

Eukaryote

A cell whose genetic material is enclosed in a nuclear membrane

coccus

A spherical or ovoid bacterium, meaning berries

bacillus

A rod-shaped bacterium, means little staffs

spiral or spirilla

A helical or corkscrew-shaped bacterium

vibrio

Bacterium that looks like curved rods

spirochete

Spiral bacterium that is helical and flexible, move by means of axial filaments

monomorphic

having a single shape

pleomorphic

having many shapes, not just one

Glycocalyx

means sugar coat, general term for substances that surround cells

capsule

glycocalyx that is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall

Slime layer

glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall

extracellular polymeric substance

glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other

flagella

long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

atrichous bacteria

bacteria that lack flagella

peritrichous flagella

flagella that are distributed over the entire cell

polar flagella

flagella that are at one or both poles of the cell

monotrichous flagella

a single flagellum at one pole of the cell

lophotrichous flagella

a tuft of flagella coming from one pole

amphitrichous flagella

flagella at both poles of the cell

motility

the ability of an organism to move by itself

taxis

the movement of a bacterium towar dor away from a particular stimulus

chemotaxis

movement in response to the presence of a chemical

phototaxis

movement in response to the presence of light

H antigen

Flagella antigens of enterics, identified by serological testing

serovar

A variation of a species, also called a serotype

axial filament

also called endoflagella, bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath the outer sheath and spiral around the cell

Fimbria (plural: fimbriae)

an appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment

Pilus (plural: pili)

An appendage on a bacterial cell used for conjugation and gliding motility

twitching motility

motility in which a pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin, makes contact with a surface or another cell, and then retracts as the pilin subunits are disassembled

gliding motility

smooth gliding movement of myxobacteria

conjugation (sex) pili

used to bring bacteria together allowing the transfer of one cell to another

cell wall

the outer covering of most bacterial, fungal, algal, and plant cells; in bacteria, it consists of peptidoglycan

peptidoglycan

The structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of the molecules N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), N-acetylmuramic acid, tetrapeptide side chain, and peptide side chain

polypeptide

1) a chain of amino acids; 2) a group of antibiotics

lysis

Destruction of a cell by the rupture of the plasma membrane, resulting in the loss of cytoplasm

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, forming the outer layer of gram-negative cell walls

porin

A type of protein in the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls that permits the passage of small molecules

Lipid A

A component of the gram-negative outer membrane; endotoxin

core polysaccharide

polysaccharide attached to lipid A and contains unusual sugars

O polysaccharide

polysaccharide that extends outward from the core polysaccharide and is composed of sugar molecules

mycolic acid

Long-chained, branched fatty acids characteristic of members of teh genus Mycobacterium

protoplast

A gram-positive bacterium of plant cell treated to remove the cell wall

L form

prokaryotic cells that lack a cell wall; can return to walled state

spheroplast

A gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical cell

osmotic lysis

bursting of protoplasts and spheroplasts in pure water or dilute salt or sugar solutions because the water molecules from the solutions rapidly move into and enlarge the cell, which ahs a much lower internal concentration of water

plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane

thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell

glycoproteins

proteins attached to carbohydrates

glycolipids

lipids attached to carbohydrates

fluid mosaic model

a way of describing the dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins comprising the plasma membrane

selective permeability

certain molecules and ions pass through the membrane, but that others are prevented from passing through it

chromatophore

an unfolding in the plasma membrane bacterioclorophyllis located in photoautrophic bacteria; also known as thylakoids

mesosome

An irregular fold in the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell that is an artifact of preparation for microscopy

simple diffusion

net movement of ions or molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

facilitated diffusion

diffusion in which integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane

osmosis

the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of solvent molecules (low concentration of solute molecules) to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules (high concentration of solut

Osmotic pressure

pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes

isotonic solution

a medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside a cell

hypotonic solution

a medium whose concentration of solutes is lower than that inside a cell

hypertonic solution

a medium whose concentration of solutes is higher than that inside a cell

active transport

Net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration gradient; requires energy

group translocation

In prokaryotes, active transport in which a substance is chemically altered during transport across the plasma membrane

cytoplasm

substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane, about 80% water

nucleoid

region in a bacterial cell containing the chromosome

bacterial chromosome

single long. continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA of a bacterial cell

plasmid

A small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome

ribosome

functions as the site of protein synthesis in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

inclusion

material held inside the cell, often contain reserve deposits

metachromatic granule

large inclusions that takes its name from the fact that they sometimes stain red with certain blue dyes such as methlyne blue, collectively known as volutin

volutin

stored inorganic phosphate in a prokaryotic cell; collective name for metachromatic granules

polysaccharide granules

typically consists of glycogen and starch, and their presence can be demonstrated when iodine is applied to the cells

lipid inclusions

inclusions that hold lipids in their reserve deposits

sulfur granule

deposited by bacteria that derive energy by oxidizing sulfur

gas vacuoles

hollow cavities found in many aquatic prokaryotes

magnetosomes

inclusions of iron oxide, formed by many gram-negative bacteria, that act like magnets

endospore

a resting structure formed inside some bacteria

sporulation

the process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell, also called sporogenesis

germination

an endospore's return from its vegetative state

prokaryote

A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane

binary fission

prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells

Eukaryote

A cell whose genetic material is enclosed in a nuclear membrane

coccus

A spherical or ovoid bacterium, meaning berries

bacillus

A rod-shaped bacterium, means little staffs

spiral or spirilla

A helical or corkscrew-shaped bacterium

vibrio

Bacterium that looks like curved rods

spirochete

Spiral bacterium that is helical and flexible, move by means of axial filaments

monomorphic

having a single shape

pleomorphic

having many shapes, not just one

Glycocalyx

means sugar coat, general term for substances that surround cells

capsule

glycocalyx that is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall

Slime layer

glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall

extracellular polymeric substance

glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other

flagella

long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

atrichous bacteria

bacteria that lack flagella

peritrichous flagella

flagella that are distributed over the entire cell

polar flagella

flagella that are at one or both poles of the cell

monotrichous flagella

a single flagellum at one pole of the cell

lophotrichous flagella

a tuft of flagella coming from one pole

amphitrichous flagella

flagella at both poles of the cell

motility

the ability of an organism to move by itself

taxis

the movement of a bacterium towar dor away from a particular stimulus

chemotaxis

movement in response to the presence of a chemical

phototaxis

movement in response to the presence of light

H antigen

Flagella antigens of enterics, identified by serological testing

serovar

A variation of a species, also called a serotype

axial filament

also called endoflagella, bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath the outer sheath and spiral around the cell

Fimbria (plural: fimbriae)

an appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment

Pilus (plural: pili)

An appendage on a bacterial cell used for conjugation and gliding motility

twitching motility

motility in which a pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin, makes contact with a surface or another cell, and then retracts as the pilin subunits are disassembled

gliding motility

smooth gliding movement of myxobacteria

conjugation (sex) pili

used to bring bacteria together allowing the transfer of one cell to another

cell wall

the outer covering of most bacterial, fungal, algal, and plant cells; in bacteria, it consists of peptidoglycan

peptidoglycan

The structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of the molecules N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), N-acetylmuramic acid, tetrapeptide side chain, and peptide side chain

polypeptide

1) a chain of amino acids; 2) a group of antibiotics

lysis

Destruction of a cell by the rupture of the plasma membrane, resulting in the loss of cytoplasm

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, forming the outer layer of gram-negative cell walls

porin

A type of protein in the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls that permits the passage of small molecules

Lipid A

A component of the gram-negative outer membrane; endotoxin

core polysaccharide

polysaccharide attached to lipid A and contains unusual sugars

O polysaccharide

polysaccharide that extends outward from the core polysaccharide and is composed of sugar molecules

mycolic acid

Long-chained, branched fatty acids characteristic of members of teh genus Mycobacterium

protoplast

A gram-positive bacterium of plant cell treated to remove the cell wall

L form

prokaryotic cells that lack a cell wall; can return to walled state

spheroplast

A gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical cell

osmotic lysis

bursting of protoplasts and spheroplasts in pure water or dilute salt or sugar solutions because the water molecules from the solutions rapidly move into and enlarge the cell, which ahs a much lower internal concentration of water

plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane

thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell

glycoproteins

proteins attached to carbohydrates

glycolipids

lipids attached to carbohydrates

fluid mosaic model

a way of describing the dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins comprising the plasma membrane

selective permeability

certain molecules and ions pass through the membrane, but that others are prevented from passing through it

chromatophore

an unfolding in the plasma membrane bacterioclorophyllis located in photoautrophic bacteria; also known as thylakoids

mesosome

An irregular fold in the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell that is an artifact of preparation for microscopy

simple diffusion

net movement of ions or molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

facilitated diffusion

diffusion in which integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane

osmosis

the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of solvent molecules (low concentration of solute molecules) to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules (high concentration of solut

Osmotic pressure

pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes

isotonic solution

a medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside a cell

hypotonic solution

a medium whose concentration of solutes is lower than that inside a cell

hypertonic solution

a medium whose concentration of solutes is higher than that inside a cell

active transport

Net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration gradient; requires energy

group translocation

In prokaryotes, active transport in which a substance is chemically altered during transport across the plasma membrane

cytoplasm

substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane, about 80% water

nucleoid

region in a bacterial cell containing the chromosome

bacterial chromosome

single long. continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA of a bacterial cell

plasmid

A small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome

ribosome

functions as the site of protein synthesis in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

inclusion

material held inside the cell, often contain reserve deposits

metachromatic granule

large inclusions that takes its name from the fact that they sometimes stain red with certain blue dyes such as methlyne blue, collectively known as volutin

volutin

stored inorganic phosphate in a prokaryotic cell; collective name for metachromatic granules

polysaccharide granules

typically consists of glycogen and starch, and their presence can be demonstrated when iodine is applied to the cells

lipid inclusions

inclusions that hold lipids in their reserve deposits

sulfur granule

deposited by bacteria that derive energy by oxidizing sulfur

gas vacuoles

hollow cavities found in many aquatic prokaryotes

magnetosomes

inclusions of iron oxide, formed by many gram-negative bacteria, that act like magnets

endospore

a resting structure formed inside some bacteria

sporulation

the process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell, also called sporogenesis

germination

an endospore's return from its vegetative state