prokaryote
A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane
binary fission
prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells
Eukaryote
A cell whose genetic material is enclosed in a nuclear membrane
coccus
A spherical or ovoid bacterium, meaning berries
bacillus
A rod-shaped bacterium, means little staffs
spiral or spirilla
A helical or corkscrew-shaped bacterium
vibrio
Bacterium that looks like curved rods
spirochete
Spiral bacterium that is helical and flexible, move by means of axial filaments
monomorphic
having a single shape
pleomorphic
having many shapes, not just one
Glycocalyx
means sugar coat, general term for substances that surround cells
capsule
glycocalyx that is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall
Slime layer
glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall
extracellular polymeric substance
glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other
flagella
long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria
atrichous bacteria
bacteria that lack flagella
peritrichous flagella
flagella that are distributed over the entire cell
polar flagella
flagella that are at one or both poles of the cell
monotrichous flagella
a single flagellum at one pole of the cell
lophotrichous flagella
a tuft of flagella coming from one pole
amphitrichous flagella
flagella at both poles of the cell
motility
the ability of an organism to move by itself
taxis
the movement of a bacterium towar dor away from a particular stimulus
chemotaxis
movement in response to the presence of a chemical
phototaxis
movement in response to the presence of light
H antigen
Flagella antigens of enterics, identified by serological testing
serovar
A variation of a species, also called a serotype
axial filament
also called endoflagella, bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath the outer sheath and spiral around the cell
Fimbria (plural: fimbriae)
an appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment
Pilus (plural: pili)
An appendage on a bacterial cell used for conjugation and gliding motility
twitching motility
motility in which a pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin, makes contact with a surface or another cell, and then retracts as the pilin subunits are disassembled
gliding motility
smooth gliding movement of myxobacteria
conjugation (sex) pili
used to bring bacteria together allowing the transfer of one cell to another
cell wall
the outer covering of most bacterial, fungal, algal, and plant cells; in bacteria, it consists of peptidoglycan
peptidoglycan
The structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of the molecules N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), N-acetylmuramic acid, tetrapeptide side chain, and peptide side chain
polypeptide
1) a chain of amino acids; 2) a group of antibiotics
lysis
Destruction of a cell by the rupture of the plasma membrane, resulting in the loss of cytoplasm
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
A molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, forming the outer layer of gram-negative cell walls
porin
A type of protein in the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls that permits the passage of small molecules
Lipid A
A component of the gram-negative outer membrane; endotoxin
core polysaccharide
polysaccharide attached to lipid A and contains unusual sugars
O polysaccharide
polysaccharide that extends outward from the core polysaccharide and is composed of sugar molecules
mycolic acid
Long-chained, branched fatty acids characteristic of members of teh genus Mycobacterium
protoplast
A gram-positive bacterium of plant cell treated to remove the cell wall
L form
prokaryotic cells that lack a cell wall; can return to walled state
spheroplast
A gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical cell
osmotic lysis
bursting of protoplasts and spheroplasts in pure water or dilute salt or sugar solutions because the water molecules from the solutions rapidly move into and enlarge the cell, which ahs a much lower internal concentration of water
plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane
thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell
glycoproteins
proteins attached to carbohydrates
glycolipids
lipids attached to carbohydrates
fluid mosaic model
a way of describing the dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins comprising the plasma membrane
selective permeability
certain molecules and ions pass through the membrane, but that others are prevented from passing through it
chromatophore
an unfolding in the plasma membrane bacterioclorophyllis located in photoautrophic bacteria; also known as thylakoids
mesosome
An irregular fold in the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell that is an artifact of preparation for microscopy
simple diffusion
net movement of ions or molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
facilitated diffusion
diffusion in which integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane
osmosis
the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of solvent molecules (low concentration of solute molecules) to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules (high concentration of solut
Osmotic pressure
pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes
isotonic solution
a medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside a cell
hypotonic solution
a medium whose concentration of solutes is lower than that inside a cell
hypertonic solution
a medium whose concentration of solutes is higher than that inside a cell
active transport
Net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration gradient; requires energy
group translocation
In prokaryotes, active transport in which a substance is chemically altered during transport across the plasma membrane
cytoplasm
substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane, about 80% water
nucleoid
region in a bacterial cell containing the chromosome
bacterial chromosome
single long. continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA of a bacterial cell
plasmid
A small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome
ribosome
functions as the site of protein synthesis in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
inclusion
material held inside the cell, often contain reserve deposits
metachromatic granule
large inclusions that takes its name from the fact that they sometimes stain red with certain blue dyes such as methlyne blue, collectively known as volutin
volutin
stored inorganic phosphate in a prokaryotic cell; collective name for metachromatic granules
polysaccharide granules
typically consists of glycogen and starch, and their presence can be demonstrated when iodine is applied to the cells
lipid inclusions
inclusions that hold lipids in their reserve deposits
sulfur granule
deposited by bacteria that derive energy by oxidizing sulfur
gas vacuoles
hollow cavities found in many aquatic prokaryotes
magnetosomes
inclusions of iron oxide, formed by many gram-negative bacteria, that act like magnets
endospore
a resting structure formed inside some bacteria
sporulation
the process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell, also called sporogenesis
germination
an endospore's return from its vegetative state
prokaryote
A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane
binary fission
prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells
Eukaryote
A cell whose genetic material is enclosed in a nuclear membrane
coccus
A spherical or ovoid bacterium, meaning berries
bacillus
A rod-shaped bacterium, means little staffs
spiral or spirilla
A helical or corkscrew-shaped bacterium
vibrio
Bacterium that looks like curved rods
spirochete
Spiral bacterium that is helical and flexible, move by means of axial filaments
monomorphic
having a single shape
pleomorphic
having many shapes, not just one
Glycocalyx
means sugar coat, general term for substances that surround cells
capsule
glycocalyx that is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall
Slime layer
glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall
extracellular polymeric substance
glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other
flagella
long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria
atrichous bacteria
bacteria that lack flagella
peritrichous flagella
flagella that are distributed over the entire cell
polar flagella
flagella that are at one or both poles of the cell
monotrichous flagella
a single flagellum at one pole of the cell
lophotrichous flagella
a tuft of flagella coming from one pole
amphitrichous flagella
flagella at both poles of the cell
motility
the ability of an organism to move by itself
taxis
the movement of a bacterium towar dor away from a particular stimulus
chemotaxis
movement in response to the presence of a chemical
phototaxis
movement in response to the presence of light
H antigen
Flagella antigens of enterics, identified by serological testing
serovar
A variation of a species, also called a serotype
axial filament
also called endoflagella, bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath the outer sheath and spiral around the cell
Fimbria (plural: fimbriae)
an appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment
Pilus (plural: pili)
An appendage on a bacterial cell used for conjugation and gliding motility
twitching motility
motility in which a pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin, makes contact with a surface or another cell, and then retracts as the pilin subunits are disassembled
gliding motility
smooth gliding movement of myxobacteria
conjugation (sex) pili
used to bring bacteria together allowing the transfer of one cell to another
cell wall
the outer covering of most bacterial, fungal, algal, and plant cells; in bacteria, it consists of peptidoglycan
peptidoglycan
The structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of the molecules N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), N-acetylmuramic acid, tetrapeptide side chain, and peptide side chain
polypeptide
1) a chain of amino acids; 2) a group of antibiotics
lysis
Destruction of a cell by the rupture of the plasma membrane, resulting in the loss of cytoplasm
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
A molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, forming the outer layer of gram-negative cell walls
porin
A type of protein in the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls that permits the passage of small molecules
Lipid A
A component of the gram-negative outer membrane; endotoxin
core polysaccharide
polysaccharide attached to lipid A and contains unusual sugars
O polysaccharide
polysaccharide that extends outward from the core polysaccharide and is composed of sugar molecules
mycolic acid
Long-chained, branched fatty acids characteristic of members of teh genus Mycobacterium
protoplast
A gram-positive bacterium of plant cell treated to remove the cell wall
L form
prokaryotic cells that lack a cell wall; can return to walled state
spheroplast
A gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical cell
osmotic lysis
bursting of protoplasts and spheroplasts in pure water or dilute salt or sugar solutions because the water molecules from the solutions rapidly move into and enlarge the cell, which ahs a much lower internal concentration of water
plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane
thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell
glycoproteins
proteins attached to carbohydrates
glycolipids
lipids attached to carbohydrates
fluid mosaic model
a way of describing the dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins comprising the plasma membrane
selective permeability
certain molecules and ions pass through the membrane, but that others are prevented from passing through it
chromatophore
an unfolding in the plasma membrane bacterioclorophyllis located in photoautrophic bacteria; also known as thylakoids
mesosome
An irregular fold in the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell that is an artifact of preparation for microscopy
simple diffusion
net movement of ions or molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
facilitated diffusion
diffusion in which integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane
osmosis
the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of solvent molecules (low concentration of solute molecules) to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules (high concentration of solut
Osmotic pressure
pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes
isotonic solution
a medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside a cell
hypotonic solution
a medium whose concentration of solutes is lower than that inside a cell
hypertonic solution
a medium whose concentration of solutes is higher than that inside a cell
active transport
Net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration gradient; requires energy
group translocation
In prokaryotes, active transport in which a substance is chemically altered during transport across the plasma membrane
cytoplasm
substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane, about 80% water
nucleoid
region in a bacterial cell containing the chromosome
bacterial chromosome
single long. continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA of a bacterial cell
plasmid
A small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome
ribosome
functions as the site of protein synthesis in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
inclusion
material held inside the cell, often contain reserve deposits
metachromatic granule
large inclusions that takes its name from the fact that they sometimes stain red with certain blue dyes such as methlyne blue, collectively known as volutin
volutin
stored inorganic phosphate in a prokaryotic cell; collective name for metachromatic granules
polysaccharide granules
typically consists of glycogen and starch, and their presence can be demonstrated when iodine is applied to the cells
lipid inclusions
inclusions that hold lipids in their reserve deposits
sulfur granule
deposited by bacteria that derive energy by oxidizing sulfur
gas vacuoles
hollow cavities found in many aquatic prokaryotes
magnetosomes
inclusions of iron oxide, formed by many gram-negative bacteria, that act like magnets
endospore
a resting structure formed inside some bacteria
sporulation
the process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell, also called sporogenesis
germination
an endospore's return from its vegetative state