endothelium
a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and in all the hollow organs of the cardiovascular system
mesothelium
found in serous membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering the organs
mesenchyme
the precursor for all connective tissue; the mature connective tissue arises from these embryonic mesoderm (in embryonic development), which has a fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells
aponeuroses
flat, sheet-like tendons that attach muscle to other muscles or bones
fascia
a fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
unicellular exocrine
mucus and goblet cells; they produce mucin, which dissolves inyo mucus, to protect and lubricate the cell surfaces
multicellular exocrine
an epithelium-derived duct and a secretory unit (acinus) composed of secretory cells
Oral/DigestiveMiddle EarNasalSynovialOrbital
What are five other body cavities?
chemical energy
energy storede in the bonds of chemical substances
electrical energy
movement of charged particles
ATP, which is needed for movement
What is the result of chemical bonds? What so we need it for?
colloids
mixture which cannot separate (ex: jello)
suspensions
mixture which can separate (ex: blood thru centrifuge)
hydrogen bond
a chemical bond between atoms formed by weak attractions of polar molecules
It holds our DNA, RNA, and proteins together
Why are hydrogen bonds SO important?
oxidation-reduction/redox reactions
this reaction is a series of coupled reactions in which one substance loses e- and another substance gains those e-
exchange reaction/displacement reaction
this reaction involves the transfer of atoms or molecules
Neutralization reaction
This type of reaction occurs when an acid and a base are mixed, resulting in a salt and water as the product.
carbohydrates
This is a great source of energy for the body, as it provides a ready source of cellular fuel for the production of ATP. It contains C, H, & O. Is classified as a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide. Also is stored as glycogen and fats OVERTIME.
lipids
Fats which are used as an energy source which is much more efficient that carbohydrates. It is good for insulation and cushioning, is insoluble to water, and broken down into triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
triglyceride
These are composed of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids. They are also an efficient and compact form of stored energy.
saturated
no C=C double bonds
unsaturated
C=C double bond is present
steroids
These are flat molecules made of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings; made by its raw material cholesterol (along with Vitamin D and bile salts)
proteins
These are water soluble, composed of all 4 C, H, O, and N, and does the following:- provides basic structural material of the human body- participates in enzyme reactions- acts as chaperones- form hemoglobin, antibodies, iron, peptide hormones- regulated pH- cell signaling- buffer for blood!
peptide bond
This joins or links amino acids together.
Fibrous proteins
These are chiefly structural proteins that are generally extended and strand-like. (ex: collagen, keratin)
Globular proteins
These are compact, spherical proteins that are generally chemically active and play crucial roles in all biological processes. (ex: hemoglobin, DNA)
nucleic acids
These are composed of C, O, H, N, and P; its basic form is of nucleotides; made of three components nitrogenous base, phosphate, and sugar (ex: DNA, RNA)
Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Thymine (T)Cytocine (C) Uracil (U)
What are the 5 specific nucleotides?
A=T G=C (triple bond)
What are DNA's nucleotides?
A=UG=C (triple bond)
What are RNA's nucleotides
lipid rafts
These are made of tightly packed saturated phospholipids which act in cellular signaling.
phosphorylate
this transfers phosphate ATP to the pump
secondary active transport
This type of transport is driven indirectly by energy stored in ionic gradients; a coupled system, it moves several substances at one time, and helps bring additional substances into the cell
Nope
Does secondary active transport use ATP?
No pump, no transport
In active transport, if there is no pump, what happens?
vesicular transport
the transport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across plasma and intracelluolar membranes; allows for exocytosis, endocytosis, and transcytosis. Requires ATP.GTP energy, since it transfers BIG molecules.
clathrin
This protein collects within the plasma membrane, deforming the membrane and interacting with interstitial fluid substances.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
when extracellular substances bind to specific receptor proteins in regions of coated pits, enabling the cell to ingest and concentrate specific substances in protein-coated vesicles. Receptors within are recycled to the plasma membrane in vesicles.
caveolin-coated vesicles
These capture specific molecules and participate in some forms of transcytosis; involved in cellular signaling and cross-talk.
vesicular trafficking
When vesicles pinch off of organelles and travel to other organelles to unload their contents
G protein receptors
these bind cells together, also binding the receptors, and activiates second messengers which then release kinase to enzymes to start different chemical effects and changes within the cell
second messengers
intracellular messengers that typically activate protein kinase enzymes (that then activate a series of enzymes)
NO, cAMP, and CA++
What are the three types of second messengers?
voltage-sensitive proteins
Because some plasma membrane proteins are involved in electrical signaling (by responding to changes in the membrane potential), these channels will oprn or close depending on changes in the voltage and polarity of the membrane.
methyl groups
these are attached to histones which inhibit DNA replication or transcription
acetyl groups
these are attached to histones to promote DNA replicaition or transcription
excitable tissues
cells and tissues in which excitation is accompanied by action potential, distributed along the cellular membrane
action potential
a large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber
polarized
state of a plasma membrane of an unstimulated neuron or muscle in which the inside of the cell is relatively negative in comparison to the outside; the resting state.
depolarized
loss of a state of polarity; loss or reduction of negative membrane potential
electrochemical gradient
the combined difference in concentration and charge; influences the distribution and direction of diffusion of ions
contact signaling
the actual coming together and touching of cells to allow cells to recognize one another
chemical signaling
the binding of plasma membrane receptors to ligands, which activate some downstream effect
ligand
chemicals that bind specifically to plasma membrane receptors, including most neurotransmitters (nervous system signals), hormones, and paracrines (chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed)