What several factors made it difficult for the United States to remain neutral in WWI?
Militarism, alliances systems, and imperialism, and nationalism.
What happened to the United States after it joined the Allies?
It increased its role in global affairs.
Throughout the 19th century, politics in the Western world were deeply influenced by nationalism— a devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation. What did it lead to?
To competitive and antagonistic rivalries among nations.
What caused many to fear Germany in the 1900s?
The union of German into a single nation, along with its growing power.
What did Russia regard itself as, when it came to the Slavic people?
The protector of Europe's Slavic people, no matter which government they lived under.
Serbia
Located in the Balkans, it was an independent nation, but millions lived under the rule of Austria-Hungary. Thus, Russia and Austria-Hungary were rivals for influence over this territory.Political instability in the Balkans was characterized by tensions between ethnic groups seeking self-rule. The Balkan Peninsula was known as the "powder keg of Europe." In addition to the ethnic rivalries among the Balkan peoples, Europe's leading power had interest there.Russia wanted access to the Mediterranean sea, while Germany wanted a rail link to the Ottoman empire.
Territorial Expansion/Imperialism
Colonies supplied the European imperial powers with the raw materials and provided markets for manufactured goods.
What happened as Germany began to use the policy of imperialism and industrialize?
They extended economic and political control over various people of the world and began to compete with France and Britain in the contest for colonies.
The growth of nationalism and imperialism led to what?
Empires are expensive to build and to defend. This led to an increased military spending. Because each nation wanted stronger armed forces in those of the any potential enemy, the imperial powers quality policy of militarism— the development of Armed Forces and are used as a tool of diplomacy.
Militarism
A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war. Larger European countries rolled over smaller ones and larger powers glorified their military strength through major disputes on the battlefield.
By 1890, the strongest nation on the European continent was Germany, which had set up an army reserve system that drafted and trained young man. Why was Britain not initially alarmed by Germany's military expansion?
As an island nation, Britain had always relied on it's navy for defense and protection of that shipping route - and the British Navy was the strongest in the world.
In 1897, Wilhelm II (Germany's kraiser or emperor) decided that his nation should also become a major sea power in order to compete more successfully against Britain. What did this lead to?
British and German shipyards competed to build the largest battleships and destroyers. France, Italy, Japan, and the United States quickly joint in the naval arms race.
When did alliances occur?
When leaders formed agreements with other nations to protect and support each other in case of attack by another power.
Who were the Triple Entente?
Great Britain, France, and Russia. Would be later known as the Allies.
Who were the Triple Alliance?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Would be later known as the Central Powers.
What did alliance provide?
Protection from competition and military from other nations; a measure of international security because nationals were reluctant to disturb the balance of power. As it turned out, a spark set off a major conflict.
What did the Austria-Hungary accuse Serbia of?
Subverting it's rule over Bosnia.
What happened when Archduke Frans Ferdinand visited the Bosnian capital (Sarajevo) in June 1914?
Serbian nationalist, Gabriel Princip, stepped from the crowd and shot him.
What did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ignite?
A major conflict. Gabriel Princip was a member of the Black Hand, an organization promoting Serbian nationalism; the assassination set off a diplomatic crisis which would soon turn into a war which engulfed much of Europe.
Once Austria-Hungary declares war in Serbia, what occurred?
A chain reaction: The alliance system pulled one nation after another and to the conflict. On August 1, Germany, confirmed it support to Austria-Hungary as obligated by its alliance, and declared war on Russia. Russia honors its alliance with Serbia and declared war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. On August 3, Germany declared war on Russia's ally, France. After Germany invaded Belgium, Britain declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. The great war had begun.
Schlieffen Plan
A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts; the plan called for a holding action against Russia, combine with a quick drive through Belgium to Paris. After France had fallen, the two German armies would defeat Russia.
Attrition Warfare
When a battle was under a stalemate. This military strategy attempted to win the war about wearing down any me until I collapse from continuous losses and shoulders and resources. War is usually one by the side with greater resources.
Trenchwarfare
Warfare which combatants occupied fine lines of trenches, result in the still me on the Western front. Why in the trenches, there is little risk of small arms fire, and troops are protected from artillery.
What were the 3 main kinds of trenches?
Frontline, support, and reserve.
No Man's Land
A thin strip of bombed out territory full of barbed wire and land mines. This area was a bear in expanse of mud park marked with shell craters in field with barbed wires. It was the most dangerous and deadliest of trench warfare.Battles occurred with massive artillery barrage is. Periodically, the shoulder went over the top of the trenches in charge across no man's land toward enemy lines, only to be mowed down my machine gun fire. I sold his rent, thousands of soldiers are cut down by hell with machine gun fire. The scale of slaughter was horrific. Trenches in battles involved rain making constant muddy trenches; wrote it infestations; dead soldiers later the ground; unsanitary conditions great disease and sickness that killed as many that died fighting.
What did trench warfare involve?
Both armies fighting for mirror yards of ground, continued for over three years. It led to a stalemate where in either side could gain an advantage.
Verdun, France
Germany launched military offensive on this place to believe the French army white. This battle in 1916 was the longest battle of World War I. It also held high casualties and was the main reason the British starting the Battle of Somme.
Battle of Somme
Began on July 1, 1916, and last until mid November - the British suffered 60,000 casualties the first day alone. Final casualties totaled about 1.2 million, it only about 7 miles of ground change hands.The Allied powers launch an offensive near some river in northern France to exhaust Germany's reserves; this for months battle had millions lost on both sides.
Theaters of War
Also known as the main areas of fighting, which included: Western front - area France, Germany crossed Belgian border (Battle of Marne).Eastern front - is Europe between Russia and Germany and Austria-Hungary (attack and counter attack).Italian front - along border between Italy and Austria (Italy vs. Austria); Italy sides with Allied for land.Gallipoli - Felt attacked southern Turkey by Australia/New Zealand and and British to upset Germany.War at Sea - naval race between British and Germany. British mission to keep German ships in German ports and block supplies from reaching Germany. Germany's naval tactic was to post some reason Atlantic ocean initially ships I'm taking supplies from USA and other countries to Britain.
What did the advances in military technology during world war one include?
Machine guns, airplanes, tanks, poison gas, submarines, minds, and medical.
Machine Guns
Used at the beginning of the war, fired hundreds of rounds of per minute; many difficulties with keeping machine cool, but it made it difficult or nearly impossible to cross defended ground which resulted in huge numbers of casualties; later in war used on tanks and airplanes.
Airplanes
Early in the war they were used as spotters; planes were unarmed but pilots would carry handheld weapons; later, larger planes were created and were able to bomb the enemy (air raids and bombs over cities or battlefields). German fighter pilot named Manfred von Richthofen (Red Baron) and American ace Edward Rickenbacker were famous pilots.
Tanks
Developed out of the need to end the stalemate on Western front (introduced by Allies at Battle of Somme); early tanks were not reliable, but effective an ending trench warfare by leading in for three charges across no man's land.
Poison Gas
(Chlorine Gas and Mustard Gas) Sometimes used to create a smokescreen to hide attacking soldiers; launch inside an exploding shell caused slow death; release is a cloud of mist to force evacuation of enemy trenches.
Submarines
Brought terror to merchant ships silently, with little or no warning.
Mines
Were planted in the sea and on the land and detonated once stepped on or approached near it.
Medical
Vaccines were created for yellow fever, tetanus, rabies, and typhoid.
What happened to agriculture during world war one?
It increased in crop production during this time involved innovations in transport (trucks/model T cars), more efficient collection (tractor) of crops, and lower cost to supply food. Refrigeration also made food products last longer.
Why did most Americans not want to join World War I and what was the division in between each other?
They saw no reason to join a struggle 3000 miles away. The war did not threaten American lives our property. Additionally, US had a policy of neutrality and isolationism toward the war in Europe.Socialist criticize the war as a capitalist and imperialist struggle between Germany and England to control markets in colonies in China, Africa, and the Middle East. Pacifists believe that what was evil and that the United States should set an example of peace to the world. Many American simply do not want their son to experience the horrors of war fare.
Why did millions of naturalized US citizens follow the war closely?
They had ties to the nations from which they had emigrated. For example, many Americans of German dissent sympathized with Germany. Americans of Irish dissent remember the centuries of British oppression in Ireland and saw the war is a chance for Ireland to gain its independence. On the other hand, many Americans felt close to Britain because of a common ancestry and language as well as similar democratic institutions and legal systems.
What did US leaders decide would be the best way to help their allies in Britain and France during the war?
Selling supplies and arms; US ties to great Britain involve the US trade with Great Britain. Leaders shot to help to Britain through weapon cells in order to prevent Germany from winning the war. More important, America's economic ties with the allies were far stronger than it's ties with Central Powers. Before the war, American trade with Britain and France was more than double H trade with Germany.
What increased American sympathy for the Allies?
Germany's aggressive sweep through Belgium. The Germans attacked civilians, destroyed villages, cathedrals, libraries, and even hospitals. Some atrocity stories - spread by British propaganda - later prove to be false but enough proof to that one American magazine referred to Germany as the "bully of Europe.
How did America's transatlantic trade become even more lopsided?
The Allies flooded American manufacturers with orders for all sorts of war supplies, including dynamite, cannon powder, some brains, copper wiring tubing, and armored cars. The United States shipped millions of dollars of war supplies to the Allies, but request kept coming. By 1915, the United States was experiencing a labor shortage.
Sussex Pledge
German pledge to warn neutral ships and passenger vessels before attacking.; Jeremy made a pledge not to sink merchant ships without warning. They did not uphold this pledge. German submarine torpedoed British oceanliner Lusitania offshore coast of Ireland, resulting in death of 128 Americans.
League of Peace
After the election, Wilson tried to mediate between the war in alliances. We attempt failed. Wilson hoped that all the nations would join in peace and woodwork to extend democracy, maintain freedom of the seas, and reduce armaments.
When did the US begin preparing for WWI and what was Iaunched because of it?
In 1916; President Wilson launched a military preparedness program called the national defense act which increased soldiers in the army national guard and build up the Navy.
What was so drastic about the British blockade upon Germany?
Originally it had prevented weapons and other military supplies from getting through on the German coast. However, the British expanded the definition of contraband to include food. They also extended the blockade to neutral ports in my knee entire seat. The results were twofold. First, American ships carrying goods for Germany refuse to challenge the blockade and sell them reach their destination. Second, Germany found it increasingly difficult to import food stuffs and fertilizers for crops.By 1917, famine stocked the country. Germans were starving to death and Americans have been angry at Britain's blockade which as it threatened freedom of the seas and prevent any American ships from reaching German ports. Germany's response to the blockade soon outrage American public opinion. Germany responded to the British blockade with the counter blockade by U-boats also known as submarines. The Germans ignored Wilsons call for peace. Jeremy's leaders hope to defeat bring by resuming unrestricted submarine warfare. On January 31, the Kaiser announce that you both would sink all ships in British waters - hostile or neutral - on site.
Zimmerman Note
Message proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico; A telegram intercepted by British intelligence which was from the German Foreign Minister to the German and bastard Mexico. He proposed and lines between Mexico and Germany and promise that if the worth a US broke out Germany would support Mexico and recovering lost territory in Texas New Mexico and Arizona.
Five Major Reasons the US entered World War I
Unrestricted submarine warfare. Germany proclamation 1915 steak at the waters around British Isles were to be considered an official war zone and Germany would attempt to sink any ship that entered this area.Sussex Pledge. Germany made a pledge not to sink merchants without warning, yet failed to uphold this pledge when Germany submarine torpedoed British ocean-liner, Lusitania.Diplomacy felt a call off unrestricted submarine warfare. Germany resume to you about it attacks on US ships up. Ties to great Britain. Do US conducted a significant amount trade with Great Britain, which would be affected if Germany won the war. Interception of the Zimmerman telegram. British intelligence intercepted the Zimmerman telegram, which revealed Germany's plan to approach the Mexican government proposing a military alliance. This discovery ultimately resulted in a change in US policy away from isolationism and neutrality.
How did the United States justify entering WWI?
By the idea that US participation would make the world safe for democracy" -establishing a precedent that if the United States went to war it was to spread democracy.
What did the United States do in order to build up their armed forces of the war?
Congress passed the Selective Act in May 1917 which required young men to register for the draft with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service.
The Role of Women in WWI
While they weren't allowed to enlist, the army reluctantly accepted women in the Army Corps is Nurses, but denied them army rank, pay, and benefits.Some women accepted noncombatant positions in the navy and marines, where they served as nurses, secretaries, and telephone operators, with full military rank.
In addition to the vast army that had to be created and trained, the United States has to find a way to transport men, food, and equipment over thousands miles of ocean. What 4 steps did the U.S. government take to do so?
First, exempted many shipyard workers from the draft and give others a deferred classification, delaying their participation in the draft draft. Second, the US chamber of commerce joined in a public relations campaign to emphasize the importance of shipyard work. Third, shipyards used prefabrication techniques. Instead of building an entire ship in the yard, standardized parts were built elsewhere and then assembled at the yard. This method reduce construction time substantially so that in just one day - July 4, 1918 - the United States launched 95 ships. Fourth, the government took over commercial and private chips and converted them for transatlantic war use.
German U-boats on merchant ships in the Atlantic were a serious threat to the Allied war effort. What did American vice admiral William S. Sims convinced the British to do?
To try the convoy system, in which a heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back-and-forth across the Atlantic in groups.
After 2 1/2 years of fighting, the allied forces were exhausted and demoralized. What was one of the main contributions that American troops made to the Allied war effort?
Apart from their numbers, troops provided a freshness and enthusiasm. They were determined to hit the Germans hard.
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
Commanded by General John J. Pershing, including men from widely separated parts of the US. General John J. Pershing shaped and then experience Crippen meant to be an effective military force.
Doughboys
American infantrymen were nickname this term, partially because of the white belts they war, which they cleaned with pipe clay, or "dough.
What did General Pershing and the AEF contribute to the Western front?
They played the main attacking role (largest American-run offensive, Americans fought alongside British and French Allies) to cut off German forces on the Western Front.
What was the outcome after the AEF join the Western front?
German troops and then shall he became too exhausted and plagued by influenza and retreated one month later. An armistice was later signed to end WWI.
How did both the Allied and Central Powers attempt to gain advantages from trench warfare?
They begin looking for weapons and tactics. When confronted with a challenge, some individuals and government turn to Innovacion and technological advances to overcome the challenge. Although some of these weapons were new, others, like the machine gun, had been so refine if they change the nature of warfare.
What have conflict and war often spurred?
Technological innovations in order for individuals and nations to preserve and expand power.
Poison gas is a yellow-green chlorine fog that sickens, suffocates, burns, and blinds its victims. This caused what technological advancement to become standard issued?
Gas masks.
Efforts to control territory resulted in what?
The invention of mines for both land and sea, placement of sophisticated walls and barriers, and high tech monitoring.
The desire for defensive capabilities led to what?
An international arms build up with most nations maintaining standing armies and some nations keeping a nuclear force to deter attacks from enemies.
What were the two most innovated weapons during WWI and what did they contribute?
The tank and the airplane. Together, they heralded mechanized warfare, or warfare at the relies on machine powered by gasoline and diesel engines.
Bolsheviks
The political turmoil and Revolution in Russia continued although the world was at war. Radical revolutionaries site seized power and was led by Lenin. Lenin withdrew Russia from the war in 1917 and signed a treaty with Central Powers and 1918, so the war was now fought along the Western front.
What causes the tide to turn against the Central Powers?
The AEF arrive just in time to help stop the German advance at Cantigny in France. Several weeks later, US troops played a major role in throwing back German attacks at Château Thierry and Belleau Wood. In July and August, they helped win the second battle of the Marne. In September, US soldiers began to mount offensives against the German at Saint Mihiel at in the Meuse Argonne area. For more than a month, the allies push northward.
Battle of the Argonne Forest/Meuse- Argonne Offensive
The Americans suffered some 120,000 casualties. By November, however, they occupied the hills around Sedan, France.
General John J. Pershing
Was well respected for his combat experience; he fought in the Spanish American war, served in the Philippines, and in 1916 led American expedition in Mexico to capture Pancho Villa
Battle of Argonne Forest
The battle that led to the surrender of the Germany army and the end of WWI; part of the final allied offensive of WWI that stretch along the entire western front, the objective was to the capture of an important railroad/train station which would break the railroad net supporting the German army in France. An Allied victory, the battle credit for leading to the armistice.
Alvin York
Tennessee-born soldier whose action in the Argonne Forest made him an American hero. A person who opposes warfare on moral grounds, pointing out the Bible says, "Thou shall not kill." He eventually decided that it was morally acceptable to fight if the cause was just.
6890
Armistice Day; although there were no Allied soldiers on German territory and no truly decisive battle had been fought, the Germans were too exhausted to continue fighting. Germany agreed to a cease-fire and signed the armistice.
WWI is known as what?
The bloodiest war in history up to that time. Deaths numbered about 22 million, more than half of them civilians. In addition, 20 million people were wounded, and 10 million more became refugees.
Cost of WWI
The direct economic cost of the war may have been about $338 billion. Do United States lost 48,000 men in battle, with another 62,000 dying of disease. More than 200,000 Americans were wounded. For the allies news of arms just brought great relief. Across the Atlantic, Americans also rejoice at the news. Mini now expected like to return to normal. However, people find their lives at home change almost as much as the lives of those who had bought in Europe.
Liberty Bonds
Government bonds sold to gain money for World War I.
War Bonds
Certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the war. They did this by setting prices and production levels of comedies and regulating businesses crucial to the war effort to include food, fuel, transportation, labor, etc. This included the creation of the Food administration, fuel Administration, Railroad Administration, War Industries Board, and the National War Labor Board.
Food Adminstration
Conserve existing supplies of crops, increased agricultural production for war efforts, recruit labor/organized labor for massive production.
Fuel Administration
Government agency created during the war to regulate the use of coal for the war effort.
Railroad Administration
Government agency which took all railroads from private hands until after the war.
War Industries Board
Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries. They did this by directing all board; allocate scarce materials, establish production priorities, and set prices.
National War Labor Board
During WWII it mediated disputes between management and laborers to prevent strikes from hurting the war efforts.
What social change for women was caused by WWI?
Before World War I, they had been excluded from many jobs. However, the wartime need for labor brought over 1 million more of them into the workforce. They contribute to the war by: 1. Going to Europe as nurses in army hospitals, Red Cross volunteers, YMCA, and other agencies. 2. Took jobs outside the home once held by men (heavy labor jobs).For them, as for the rest of society, World War I brought about far-reaching changes. When the war was not a job for American soldiers alone. Because World War I was such an immense conflict, the entire con of me had to be refocused on the war effort.
What shift occurred that caused business and government to work together after WWI?
A ship from producing consumer goods to producing war supplies was too complicated and important of a job for private industry to handle on its own.
What political change was caused by WWI?
The power of the government greatly expanded. Congress gave President Wilson direct control over much of the economy, including the power to fix prices and to regulate - even to nationalize - certain war related industries. Executive power expanded, new agency such, as War Trade Board, were created to regulate the economy; where were at and she was nationalized. Taxes increased to pay for the war; sale of war bonds funded war effort. The main regulatory body was the war industries Board.
What economical change was caused by WWI?
The WIB set production quotas and Alyssa catered from materials. Under the WIB, industrial production in the night states increased by 20%. However, the WIB applied price controls only at the wholesale level. As a result, retail prices soared, and in 1918, they were almost doubled what they had been before the war.Corporate profits sword as well, especially in such industries as chemicals, meat packing, oil, and steel. The WIB was not the only federal agency to regulate the economy during the war. The railroad administration control the rose, and the fuel administration monitored coal supplies and rationed gasoline in heating oil.
What other social changes occurred due to WWI?
Wages in most industries rose during the war years. Hourly wages for blue-collar workers - those in metal trades, shipbuilding, and meatpacking, for example - rose by about 20%. A household income, however, was largely undercut by rising food prices in housing cost. By contrast, stockholders in large corporations saw a enormous profits. As a result of the on even pay between labor and management, increasing work hours, child labor, and dangerously sped up conditions, unions bloomed.
Victory Gardens
Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort. As a result of these and similar efforts, American food shipment to the allies tripled.
War Revenue Act of 1917
Increase in taxes to pay for the war, Including issuing war bonds to finance the war effort.
How did the government raise money to make up for the expenses of WWI?
The government raised about 1/3 your taxes, including a progressive income tax which taxed higher incomes and a higher rate that low incomes, a war-profit tax, and higher excise tax on tobacco, liquor, and luxury goods. It raised the rest through public borrowing by selling "Liberty Loan" and "Victory Loan" bonds the government sold bonds through tens of thousands volunteers.
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
The US government's propaganda agency during WWI; The campaign to encourage Americans support of war; portrayal of Germany as evil monsters which caused anti-German hysteria in America.
Propaganda
Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.
George Creel
Headed the Committee on Public Information, for promoting the war effort in WWI. He persuaded the nations artist and advertising agencies to great thousands and paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. His propaganda campaign was highly effective. However, while the campaign promoted patriotism, and also inflame hatred and violations of the civil liberties of certain ethnic groups and opponents of the war.
As soon as war was declared, conformities indeed became the order of the day. What erupted on both unofficial and official civil liberties?
Attacks: The main targets of these attacks were Americans right immigrated from other nations, especially those from Germany and Austria-Hungary. The most bitter attacks were directed against the nearly 2,000,000 Americans had been born in Germany, but other foreign born persons and Americans of German dissent suffered as well. German names lost their jobs. School stop teaching the German language, and librarians remove books by German authors from the shelves. People even resorted to violence against German Americans, flogging them are smearing them with tar and feathers. Some were even lynched. Finally, and a burst of anti-German fever, Americans change the name of German measles to "liberty measles.
Immigration Quotas
Restricted maximum number of East European / Asian immigrants.
Americans excepted more government control to support the war effort. What did this violate?
Certain constitutional rights; suspension of the freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom to assemble, etc.
Espionage Act of 1917
Law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during WWI.
Sedation Act
Made it illegal to speak out agains the government and war efforts.
What was wrong with the Espionage and Sedation acts?
They violated the spirit of the First Amendment, free speech.
Important Changes of the Lives of African Americans due to WWI
The acceleration of the great migration, the large scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks two cities in the north. This great population shift had begun late 19 century, when African-Americans trickle northward to reset the Jim Crow South - but after the turn of the century, the trickle became a tidal wave.The outbreak of World War I and the drop in European immigration increased Drive opportunities for African-Americans and steel mills, you should plants, and stockyards. Northern manufacturers send recruiting agencies it should be free railroad passes through the South.
How was black public opinion on the war divided?
On one side were people like WEB Du Bois, who believe that blacks should support the war effort. He believed that African-Americans support for the war would strengthen calls for racial justice.In contrast, William Monroe Trotter, founder of the Boston Garden, believed that victims of racism should not support a racist government. He condemned Duboise accommodationist approach and favored protest instead. Nevertheless, despite grievances over continued racial inequality tube in the United States, most African-Americans back the war.
What factors contributed to the tremendous increase in black migration?
First, many African-American sought to escapr racial discrimination in the south, which it made it hard to make a living often threaten their lives. They were more job opportunities in the north and less public dissemination in the north. Also, a ball we will infestation, headed by floods and droughts, had run much of south cotton fields.
Important Changes of the Lives of Women due to WWI
They moved it to jobs that I've been held exclusively by men. They becameRailroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, and in bricklayers. They mined coal and took part in shipbuilding. At the same time, they continue to feel more traditional jobs as nurses, clerks, and teachers. Many workdays volunteers, serving at red cross facilities and encouraging the sale of bonds in the planning of victory Gardens. Some became active in the peace movement. Wow acknowledgment of that debt do not include equal pay for equal work it did help bolster public support for woman suffrage.
In the fall of 1918, what did the US suffer?
A homefront crisis want to international flu epidemic affected about 1/4 of the US population. The effect of the epidemic on the economy was devastating. Mine shut down, telephone service was cut in half, and factories and offices standard working hours to avoid contagion. Cities ran short of coffins, and the corpses of poor people late unburied for as long as a week. Restore his illness seem to strike people who were otherwise the best of health, and death could come in a matter of days the stories lead of the influenza virus killed as many as 30 million people worldwide. World War One brought death and disease to millions but, like the flu epidemic, the war also came to a sudden end.
Palace of Versailles, June 28, 1919
The Big Four and the leaders of the defeated nations gathered in the Hall of Mirrors to sign the peace treaty.
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I.It established nine new nations and shifted the boundaries of other nations. It carved five areas out of the Ottoman Empire and gave them to France and Great Britain as mandates, or temporary colonies.
What did French and British leaders see more concerned with when it came to the Treaty of Versailles?
With the punishment of Germany. This resulted in a treaty that imposed severe sanctions on Germany including reparation payments and blame in Germany for the war. The treaty also established new political boundaries in Europe. It also by Germany for maintaining an army.
What weakened the Treaty of Versailles that would eventually lead to the second world war?
It weekend the treat from providing lasting peace in Europe. First, the treatment humiliated Germany, containing a war guilt clause was in Germany to Mitchell responsibility for starting World War I. Furthermore, Germany cannot pay the huge financial reparations due to it being stripped of its colonies. In addition, for three years the Russians had fought on the side of the allies, suffer higher casualties in any other nation. However, because Russia was excluded from the peace conference, it lasted more territory than Germany did.
Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson's post WWI plan, most of which was rejected by European leaders following the war. A plan for global peace which consisted of all the people to govern themselves; resolving very territorial disputes created by WWRI; preventing secret treaties, armories, violation of freedom of the seas, and trade barriers; and creation of the league of Nations to prevent wars by creating open communication between world powers.
Divisions of the Fourteen Points
The first five points were issues that Wilson believe had to be addressed to prevent another war. The next eight. Start with boundary changes. The 14th. Called for the creation of an international organization to address diplomatic crisis is like those that support the war. This league of Nations would provide a form for nation to discuss and settle their grievances without having to resort to war.
League of Nations
An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.
Pros and cons of the US been involved in international organizations in treaties
Pros include: America influencing international policy, protect American interest and American security, assist other countries. Cons include: potential loss of American sovereignty and potential loss of American security.
What showed with the Wilson's failure to grasp the anger felt by the allies?
His naivety about the politics all aspects of securing a peace treaty.
Paris Peace Conference
1919, meeting of the Allies at the end of WWI, concluded with Treaty of Versailles.
What was overlooked by the Big four powers?
The principle of self-determination of all peoples. The big four powers carved up by world in Europe and lands in Asia were given to Japan in Allied powers as well. Arab nations of the middle east side with the allies in hopes of winning Independence from the Ottoman Turks wonder French and British rule now.
US domestic opposition on the issue of the League of Nations
Opponents believe that the league threaten the US foreign-policy of isolationism. They argue that participation in the lead would pull the United States in the unnecessary military commitments, and especially cause a loss of American sovereignty and American security. They also believe the US involvement in the league of Nations would lead to US involvement in economic and military action without direct cause of Congress.Proponents that the US could influence international policy, protect American interests of security, and assist other countries.
What did Congress say about the league of Nations and 1920?
That it took away US independence as a world power and involved in entangling alliances with other countries.
What move was it unwise one Wilson was choosing the members of the American delegation?
He ignored the Republican majority in the Senate. If he had been more willing to except a compromise on the League, it would've been more likely the Senate would have approve the treaty.
The Ill Health of Wilson
He was exhausted from his effort at for side. Yet despite his health, Wilson set out in September 1919 on a 8,00 mile tour. He delivered speeches explain why the United States should join the league of Nations. October 2, Wilson separate a stroke and they partially paralyzed for more than two months unable to even meet with his cabinet. His voice was no more than a whisper.
On November 1919, what did the Senate decide on the League of Nations?
They refused to ratify the treaty of Versailles to avoid participation in the league of Nations. It was feared that US membership in the league would force the United States to form foreign-policy, actions that relate to the relationship between nations, in accord with the league. Although the senate reject the mermaids, and also failed to ratify the treaty.
When did the US finally signed a treaty with Germany?
In 1921, after Wilson was no longer president. The US never join the league of Nations, but it maintain and unofficial observer at league meetings.
Legacy of WWI - United States
Accelerated Americas Americans as the world's greatest industrial power; contribute to the movement of African-Americans to northern cities; intensified anti-immigrant an anti-radical sentiment among mainstream Americans; and brought over 1 million women into the workforce.
Legacy of WWI - Europe
That instruction a massive loss of life severely damaged social and political systems. In many countries the word created political instability and filing separate is due for decades. It left most of Europe in ruins; industries in Ackles your short; business is still operating could not meet the demand of food and supplies. Rapid inflation and extreme food shortages occurred across Europe.
WWI influence over economies
It had devastated European economies, allowing the United States to merge as the world's leading economic power. However, the United States still faced economic challenges at home. Increased demand for the consumer goods led to inflation and many American struggle to afford ordinary items. Farmer to an increase production to meet what time you need to face it back to me and drop. Still most Americans look forward to new decade as a time of prosperity.
What did Americans call World War I?
Appalled by the scale of distraction, they would call it "the war to end all wars" in the hopes that humanity would never again be willing to fight said you were.
By 1919, what idea regain popularity for Americans?
Isolationism
What did the Treaty of Versailles accomplish?
Absolutely nothing, he held unresolved issues in Europe which would eventually drag America into an even bigger war.