Acquisti, Brandimarte & Lowensein
Credited for asking: "Are individuals up to the challenge of navigating privacy in the information age?
Privacy paradox
People say they care a lot about privacy but don't actually behave that way
Uncertainty, context-dependence, malleability
Three challenges for individuals (privacy)
Uncertainty
1. Who exactly has my information?2. What can they do with it?3. How much do I care?
Information asymmetry
When one party in a transaction or relationship has a lot more information about the relevant activity than the other
Asymmetric information in digital privacy
EX: People:1. Don't know what is being collected.2. Don't know how the information is being collected.3. Don't know how the information can be usedCompanies:1. Know what is being collected.2. Know how the information is being collected. 3. Know what they are trying to do.
Assumed
Privacy behaviors must be studied rather than __________
Tangibility bias (present bias)
People focus on tangible costs, even if small, that they incur today rather than larger costs that are harder to estimate in the distant future
Endowment effect
People value things they have more than they value acquiring new things
Endowment effect (ex)
EX: People will pay/ forego more to keep privacy than to obtain it
Personal disclosure
1. Has value (that people may not perceive)2. May not be voluntary
Disclosure
________ is essential to relationship building and fosters well-being
Strong
The desire to reciprocate disclosure is _______
Context-dependence
What I want to share depends on the situation in which it is requested
Social expectations
Cues about _______ __________ for the situation inform judgements about what to share/ hide
Social expectations (for the situation)
1. What is the purpose of this interaction?2. What is expected of me?3. What is expected of others?
Normal
When a lot of people share something, it appears ________
Disclosure
When ________ is solicited, privacy protection is assumed
Malleability
I can be encouraged to share more (be less private) with the right signals
Inducing
The profitability of many businesses depends on _______ information sharing
Salience
People get more sensitive when they are reminded that data is being collected
Salience (ex)
EX: When Google "autofills" all of my information in online forms, I become less trustworthy because it feels like an invasion of privacy.
Building trust
Showing active concern for privacy gets people to let their guard down
Control paradox (Bradnimarte, Acquisti, et al., 2010)
When people think they are deciding what others see, they share more information
The anxiety heuristic (margolin, 2450)
1. If people feel anxious about privacy, even when made safer --> don't share.2. If people feel comfortable/ relaxed, even if less safe --> share
Sufficient
Informed" rational decision-making by individuals is not sufficient
Assistance
Individuals need __________ and even protection when dealing with privacy issues