Aerobic cell respiration
respiration requiring oxygen, involving the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water.
Anaerobic cell respiration
respiration in the absence of oxygen, involving the formation of lactic acid or ethyl alcohol
ATP
energy "currency" for the cell, catalyzes all metabolic reactions
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
molecule resulting from cellular respiration, and formed in the tissues and eliminated by the lungs. Also used as a reactant in photosynthesis
Cell respiration
the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP. used by both plants and animal cells.6O2 + C6H12O6 > 6CO2 + 6H2O
Fermentation
anaerobic breakdown of glucose with the end-products of ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid.
Glucose
monosaccharide that is an end product of carbohydrate metabolism, and is the chief source of energy for living organisms. (product of photosynthesis and cellular respiration)
Chlorophyll
main photosynthetic pigment of green plants.
Chloroplast
cell organelle that is the site of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
the production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy. 6CO2+6H2O+light > C6H12O6 + 6O2
Lactic Acid
Product of fermentation, causes muscle soreness
mitochondria
organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into usable energy for the cell (releases energy by breaking down food)
cytoplasm
the portion of the cell outside the nucleus
chloroplast
capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
cell membrane
a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. This structure regulates what enters and exits the cell, and also supports and protects the cell
regulation
to monitor or control what comes in or out of the cell
active transport
transport across the cell membrane that requires the use of energy
passive transport
transport across the cell membrane that does not require the use of energy
mitosis
the process in which cells divide in order to make more cells
differentiation
the process in which cells become differentiated, or specific, cells that perform certain functions
aquaporin
a specific protein in the cell membrane that allows water to pass through
osmosis
the passive transport of water across the membrane
exocytosis
the movement of large particle out of the cell that requires energy
diffusion
the passive transport of particles across the membrane
solvent
the liquid in which particles are dissolved
solute
the particles dissolved in a solution
solution
when particles are dissolved in a solvent
hypotonic
a solution that has more water (less particles dissolved in it) than the cell
hypertonic
a solution that has less water (more particles dissolved in it) than the cell
adhesion
when two different substances stick to each other
cohesion
when the same substance sticks to itself
concentration gradient
used to describe the concentration of particles outside and inside of a cell
polar molecule
has charges (example: water, charged ions)
non-polar molecules
does not have charges (oil, fats)
isotonic
a solution that has the same concentration of water/dissolved particles as inside of the cell
osmotic pressure
the pressure of water to be dissolved across a membrane
facilitated diffusion
a form of passive transport that requires the help of a protein
endocytosis
the process of moving large particles into the cell that require energy
macromolecules
the large molecules necessary for life processes to happen
carbohydrates
sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products...these are a source of quick energy
protein
molecules made of amino acid building blocks...these allow the body to grow, build muscle, and repair tissue
monosaccharide
a sugar molecule composed of a single sugar monomer
disaccharide
a sugar composed molecule composed of two sugar monomers
polysaccharide
a sugar composed molecule composed of many sugar monomers
lipid
molecules composed of fatty acids found in oil and butter...these are a source of long-term energy
enzymes
specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body (the lock)
substrate
the molecule on which an enzyme acts (the key)
active site
the part of an enzyme that bonds with the substrate
amino acid
the monomer building blocks that make up proteins (there are 20)
nucleic acid
these macromolecules carry genetic information and allow traits to be passed on
DNA and RNA
examples of nucleic acids
fatty acid
the monomer building blocks of lipids
chemical reaction
the process of breaking bonds in reactants and forming new bonds to create products
monomer
the single building blocks of polymers
polymer
many monomers connected to build a larger molecule
nucleotide
the monomer building blocks of nucleic acids
mitochondria
organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into usable energy for the cell (releases energy by breaking down food)
organelle
a sub-cellular structure or membrane-bound compartment with a distinct structure and function.
cytoplasm
the portion of the cell outside the nucleus
vacuole
store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
lysosomes
a cellular organelle involved in cellular digestion.
ribosome
organelle involved in protein synthesis.
endoplasmic reticulum
site of synthesis of proteins destined for export or for secretion.
Golgi apparatus
a eukaryotic organelle that modifies proteins after translation.
chloroplast
capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
mitochondrion
convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
cell wall
a strong supporting layer around the cell membrane
cell membrane
a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. This structure regulates what enters and exits the cell, and also supports and protects the cell
nucleus
control center of the cell that contains nearly all the cell's DNA and, with it, the coded insturctions for making proteins and other important molecules
cell
the basic unit of life
organ system
a network of organs that perform a specific type of activity
organ
a part of an organism that has a specific function
tissue
a group of similar cells. Many of these form an organ.
metabolism
the chemical processes that occur within a cell that are necessary to maintain life
prokaryote
a type of cell that does not have membrane-bound organelles
eukaryote
a type of cell that is large and has many membrane-bound organelles