Memory acquisition can be intentional or incidental

True

A type of retrieval that requires you to judge whether you have previously encountered a stimulus

Recognition Memory

A term describing the status of thoughts currently activated in memory

Working Memory

The vast memory store that contains all of an individual's knowledge accumulated over a lifetime

Long term memory

The recall task requires some kind of cue to elicit the response

True

In the free recall task, the items in a list must be recalled in the same order in which they were given

False

In the free recall task, the middle items are recalled the best

False

Chunking is a form of recording memory so that the effective capacity of working memory is expanded

True

Deep processing is an approach to memorization that focuses on superficial characteristics such as the sound of a world or its typeface if printed

False

Greater levels of brain activity during acquisition of a memory are reliably associated greater probability of recall at a later time

True

When "meaning" is encouraged during the acquisition process for a stimulus, long term memory is enhanced

True

Memory consolidation is purely psychological and does not need to involve a neurophysiological process

False

A retrieval path connects ideas in a way that assists in locating information in a person's memory

True

The forgetting curve is measured by counting the number of trials needed to relearn an item or items in a list

True

The misinformation effect shows how vulnerable memories can be to distortion and error under certain conditions imposed at recall

True

Episodic memory is a form of explicit memory for specific events happening to the individual

True

Implicit memories can be recalled at will

False

Procedural memory, or a memory for skills you have acquired, is a from of implicit memory

True

Semantic memory, which is your store of general knowledge, is directly tied to the time and place each item is learned

False

In anterograde amnesia, memories for events before the traumatic or pathologic event causing the amnesia are lost and cannot be recalled

False

Analogical representation are abstract that do not represent the actual characteristics of the object

False

Mental images resemble objects they represent and are associated with analogical representation.

True

The word "dog" is a symbolic representation that closely shares characteristics of the thing it represents.

False

Mental images represent spatial relationships much in the same way that pictures or maps do.

True

In network based models of mental representation, a "meeting place" for the various connections associated with a given topic is called:

A node

Spreading activation is the process by which activity in a network flows from one node to another.

True

Judgments reach beyond the immediately available evidence to draw conclusions.

True

A theory of how judgments are made that invokes both a fast and efficient strategy along with a slower but less risky strategy is called:

A dual process theory

A logic problem that contains two premises and a conclusion is called:

A syllogism

The tendency to look for or accept evidence that is consistent with your prior beliefs is called:

Confirmation bias

Reasoning is the process of figuring out the implications of one's particular beliefs.

True

The way a decision is phrased or the way options are described is called:

Framing

A problem solving strategy in which you continually evaluate the difference between your current state and your desired goal is called:

Means-end analysis

The main purpose of "restructuring" a problem is to mislead a person who may be trying to solve the problem.

False

When Archimedes jumped from his bath and ran naked through the streets shouting "Eureka! I have found it!", the thing he had found was:

A way to measure volume by measuring water displacement

Phonemes are:

The smallest significant unit of sound in language

There are only 27 phonemes, the same as the number of letters in the alphabet.

False

Morphemes are:

The smallest significant unit of meaning in words

All words contain only one morpheme.

False

Social context cues lead infants to associate words with their meanings.

True

A concept that is more abstract or inclusive is a "basic level concept".

False

Syntax is the rules of grammar used to put together meaningful thoughts and sentences.

True

A semantic feature or "basic semantic category" can always be decomposed into smaller or less inclusive categories.

False

Semantic features combine to form the dictionary meaning of a word.

True

Words take on semantic roles within a sentence.

True

Prelinguistic infants are largely inattentive to human speech they are exposed to.

False

Infants as they mature in the first few years are much better at learning language than are adults.

True

When infants begin to learn language and to speak, they are:

Less sensitive to foreign language contrast

Children who have grown up in extreme isolation and not learned language in their early years have no difficulty learning language later when they are in a normal language environment.

False

American sign language shows that language can exist in the absence of sound perception.

True

If children are denied access to a human language but are otherwise normal, they invent one for themselves.

True

To a non-sighted child learning language, words related to sight such as "look" and "see" make no sense and are not learned or understood.

False

Aphasia is a language disorder that can result from a brain injury of some kind.

True

Crib bilingualism is a language disorder only seen in a small number of infants.

False

For deaf children who learned American Sign Language, the age at which they first started to learn it did not make a significant difference in how competent they were later in life in using the language.

False

In its original form, the intelligence test created by Alfred Binet and his French collaborators was intended to be used only for adults.

False

The predictive validity of any test such as the IQ test refers to the correlation of one test result with another test result taken even years later.

False

Although high IQ test results tend to correlate positively with good performance in many life endeavors, such as school and jobs, some low IQ people do perform well and end up in high prestige jobs.

True

Binet and his collaborators assumed the IQ test they devised measured a singular mental ability called "general intelligence" that can be applied to any kind of mental task.

True

Spearman statistically confirmed the existence of a common mental element or attribute he called general intelligence (g).

True

The idea that, in addition to general intelligence, there are a number of specific mental capacities that contribute to measured performance on IQ tests has been disproved by extensive statistical analysis.

False

Lower measured reaction times corresponding to greater speed of response are found to be correlated with higher IQ scores for individuals.

True

Although an efficient working memory is clearly advantageous for an individual to have, it has not been found to predict better performance on IQ tests.

False

The amount of tacit knowledge a person has accumulated and uses in solving everyday problems predicts job performance but is not well correlated with IQ test results.

True

Howard Gardner has proposed the existence of six essential independent mental capacities, all of which are routinely tested in most IQ tests.

False

A savant's single remarkable or extraordinary talent typically contrasts with a low overall or general intelligence for the same individual.

True

Monozygotic twin studies show markedly higher correlations for IQ between such twins reared together and also for such twins reared apart compared to less genetically related siblings.

True

In order to calculate heritability scores (H), we need to ask how much variability occurs within a particular group.

True

Heritability scores can be applied to individuals.

False

Although genetic factors have clearly been shown to be important in determining an individual's performance on IQ tests, these genetic factors do not determine an individual's destiny.

True

Environmental factors that can disrupt healthy neural development in the embryonic and fetal stages are:

Teratogens

The rooting reflex in an infant causes it to suck on whatever is placed in its mouth.

False

The number of neural synaptic connections grows tremendously from birth to about 15 months of age.

True

In Piaget's Stage Development Theory, adult thinking emerges only after the child has moved through a series of intellectual or cognitive stages in its development.

True

In Piaget's theory, most 6 month old children will show object permanence, in that they will look for a toy after it is hidden from view.

False

Even 6 month old infants can be shown to have a concept of number such that they can tell "3" items from "2" items.

True

The Theory of Mind refers to a set of ideas that describe how an infant's neural connections come together to form the mind.

False

Newborn babies can be shown to prefer to look preferentially at patterns that look like a face compared to patterns with the same elements mixed up, or blank patterns.

True

Attachment refers to a strong cognitive realization for an infant of 6-8 months that it needs its caregiver to provide safety and nourishment.

False

When given a choice, Harlow's monkeys, which were raised without their mothers, preferred to spend less time on a terry cloth model with no nipple or milk, compared to a bare wire model with a nipple and milk.

False

Children who were securely attached to their caregiver as infants are more likely as teenagers to:

Have close friends

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development defines the range of performance a child can achieve on his or her own at a given point in development, but also what can be achieved with competent guidance.

True

Monkey's reared in isolation without motherly attachment were nevertheless able to engage in normal play when placed in with other normally reared young monkeys.

False

Kohlberg proposed that all children pass through a set of moral stages as they mature, not unlike what Piaget proposed happens with the development of children's cognitive thinking.

True

Experimental data show that only about 40% of children actually achieve Kohlberg's postconventional stages (5 and 6) of moral development by the time they reach adolescence.

True

Primary sexual characteristics are bodily structures that change with sexual maturity but are not directly related to reproduction.

False

Piaget's theory postulates that at about the time a child enters adolescence, he or she can begin to think abstractly and consider hypothetical possibilities.

True

Erikson's socio-emotional stage development theory is a direct rival to Piaget's theory in that both of them are aimed at describing cognitive development.

False

In Erikson's theory of socio-emotional development, identity confusion is a less satisfactory outcome where no stable identity emerges.

True

Although the teenage years can be turbulent emotionally as young adults prepare to become autonomous, only a minority of adolescents experience serious negative outcomes.

True

Emil Kraepelin in the late 1800's emphasized the importance of brain pathology in producing mental disorders.

True

A biopsychosocial perspective of mental disorders is:

A Multicausal Model

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders:

Uses a functional approach to defining mental disorders

Phobias are characterized by intense and irrational fears.

True

Panic attacks never occur "out of the blue", but are always elicited by some specific stimulus, such as the sight of a snake for someone with a snake phobia.

False

Obsessions are recurrent unwanted or disturbing thoughts.

True

Which of the following is true for a person suffering from post-traumatic stress?

The disorder may last a lifetime, Flashbacks and nightmares are symptoms

Bipolar disorder patients experience both extreme manic and extreme depressive episodes.

True

People diagnosed with a bipolar disorder can sometimes display a combination of manic and depressive symptoms at the same time.

True

Euphoria and racing thoughts are definitely not part of what a manic person feels.

False

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that usually has an onset of easily observable symptoms in late adolescence.

True

Both monozygotic and dizygotic twins show about the same degree of heritability or risk for developing schizophrenia if one twin is diagnosed with the disorder.

False

The disease entities grouped under Autism produce a wide range of symptoms and have elicited a number of very different hypotheses as to what the "core problem" may be.

True

The ADHD diagnosis has been a source of great controversy because many worry that this "diagnosis" is sometimes just a label for children who disrupt a classroom.

True

Personality disorders are defined as relatively unstable and pervasive patterns of behavior that are culturally discrepant.

False