premises
statements in an argument offered as evidence or reasons why we should accept another statement
conclusion
statement in an argument that the premises are intended to prove support
argument
a group of statements one or more of which called premises are intended to prove or support another statement , a claim defended with reasons.
statement
is a sentence that can be viewed as either true or false, can sometimes be exspressed as a phrase or an incomplete clause, rather than as a complete declarative sentence
rhetorical question
a sentence that has the grammatical form of a question but is meant to be understood as a statement
ought imperative
a sentence that has the form of an imperative or command but is intended to assert a value or ought judgement about what is good or bad, or should statement, or ought to do.
indicator words
are words or phrases that provide clues that premises or conclusions are being put forward ex. ( therefore, consequently, thus, because, and since)
premise indicators
indicate that premises are being offered, since, for, seeing that, inasmuch as, because, given that, considereing that, in view of the fact that, judging form, as indicated by, on account of
conclusion indicators
indicate that conclusions are being offered
reports
to convey information about a subject
unsupported assertions
statements about what a speaker or writer happens to believe
antecedent
the first part of the statement following the word if
consequent
the second part the statement following the word then
chain arguments
the antecedent (the if part) of the first statement is linked to the consequent ( the then part)
illustrations
intended to provide examples of a claim , rather than prove or support the claim
explanations
tries to show why something is the case not to prove that it is the case
explanandum
the statement that is explained
explanans
the statement that does the explaining
the common-knowledge test
is a statement that the passage seeks to prove or explain a matter of common knowledge
the past-event test
the statement that the passge is seeking to prove or explain an event that occured in the past
the authors intent test
is it the speakers or writers intent to prove or establish that something is the case, this is to provide reasons or evidence for accepting a claim as true, to offer an account of why some event has occured
the principle charity test
requires that we always interpret unclear passages generously and in particular that we never interpret a passage generously and that we never interpret a passage as a bad argument when the evidence reasonalbly permits us to interpret it as not an argumen
recognizing arguments
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reports
statements that are intended simply to convey information about a subject
unsupported assertions
statements that indicate what a person believes but doesnt offer evidence
conditional statements
are if-then statements, if a statement is true if another statement is true
Illustrations
are statements intended to prove examples of a claim , rather than evidence or proof for a claim
explanationsn
statements intended to explain why something is the case rather than to prove that it is the case
common premise indicators
since, for, seeing that, inasmuch as, because, given that, considering that, as, in view of the fact that, judging from, as indicated by, on account of
common conclusion indicators
therefore, hence, so, it follows that, that is why, wherefore, as a result, this being so, thus, consequently, accordingly, for this reason,
nonargumentative discourse
reports, unsupported assertions, conditional statements, illustrations, explanations
inference
mental process of reasoning and problem solvong a conclusion based on reasons
implication
is the relationship between a premise and a conclusion in a good argument
genuine imperative
is a command, request, proposal, or instruction, anything that says to do this or dont do this. creates an obligation