anatomy
1) to cut apart
2) the study of body structure, organs, organ systems
gross anatomy
1) "naked eye"; macroscopic
2) through dissection: animals;
3) pro-section: humans who donate their body to science
microanatomy
microscopic
cytology
study of cells
histology
study of tissues
developmental anatomy
growth and development during life
embryology
1) egg-birth (conception/fertilization)
2) 1st 8 weeks of life
3) in human fetus - after 8 weeks - birth
ontogeny
complete developmental history of an individual organism
phylogeny
complete developmental history of a race or group of organisms
physiology
study of processes or functions; look at a function as it relates to homeostasis; relates changes to maintain a normal environment
pathology
study of disease and etiology of disease
pathophysiology
disease conditions; study of disease as it relates to the effect on function of the body or organ/organ system
tissues
groups of cells with similar structure and function
4 types of tissues (as in class notes)
epithelial; connective; muscular; nervous
cell
basic living unit of a living organism
organelle
structure within a cell
organ
composed of two or more tissue types - common function
organ system
groups of organs that have a common function as a unit
name the 11 organ systems
integumentary; skeletal; muscular; endocrine; nervous; respiratory; digestive; reproductive; urinary; circulatory; lymphatic; (immune #12)
organism
any living thing described as a whole whether one cell or many cells
anatomical position
the body is standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, toes and palms directed forward
superior position
a part is above another part or is closer to the head
inferior position
a part is located below another part or is closer to the feet
anterior or ventral position
toward the front (belly) surface
posterior or dorsal position
toward the back surface
medial position
toward the midline of the body
lateral position
away from the midline of the body
proximal position
the structure is nearer the point of attachment, often the trunk of the body
distal position
the structure is farther away from the point of attachment than another part
superficial position
a part is located on or near the surface of the body
deep position
a part is located away from the surface of the body
central position
a part is located near the center
peripheral position
a part is located away from the center
sagittal plane
divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions
midsagittal section
the division line of the sagittal plane
frontal (coronal) plane
the division of the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) portions
transverse plane
the division of the body horizontally creating superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
cross-section
when the body or an organ is cut transversely (horizontally)
abdominal region (anterior surface)
anterior trunk just below the ribs
antecubital region (anterior surface)
area in front of the elbow
axillary region (anterior surface)
armpit
brachial region (anterior surface)
arm
buccal region (anterior surface)
cheek area, cavity between cheek and gum
cephalic region (anterior surface)
head
cranial region (anterior surface)
nearer to the head
digital region (anterior surface)
fingers, toes
femoral region (anterior surface)
thigh area
flank region (anterior surface)
fleshy area along each side of the lower ribs and the top of the hip bones
inguinal region (anterior surface)
area where the thigh meets the trunk of the body; often called the groin
oral region (anterior surface)
mouth
orbital region (anterior surface)
area around the eye
patellar region (anterior surface)
front of the knee over the kneecap
plantar region (anterior surface)
sole of the foot
pubic region (anterior surface)
genital area
sternal region (anterior surface)
middle of the chest (over the breastbone area)
umbilical region (anterior surface)
navel
caudal region (posterior surface)
near to the lower region of the spinal column (near the tailbone)
deltoid region (posterior surface)
rounded area of the shoulder closest to the upper arm
gluteal region (posterior surface)
buttocks
lumbar region (posterior surface)
area of the back between the ribs and the hips
occipital region (posterior surface)
back of the head
popliteal region (posterior surface)
behind, or back of, the knee area
scapular region (posterior surface)
shoulder blade area
viscera
the body's organs that are located within the cavities of the body
body cavities
1) large internal spaces
2) two major cavities: dorsal & ventral
dorsal cavity
1) located toward the back of the body
2) has 2 divisions: cranial & spinal (vertebral)
ventral cavity
1) located toward the front of the body
2) has 2 divisions: thoracic & abdominopelvic
thoracic cavity
1) divided into 2 compartments: mediastinum & pericardial cavity
2) lungs occupy most of this space
mediastinum
space that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and large blood vessels attached to the heart
pericardial cavity
located within the mediastinum and contains the heart
pleural cavities
located on either side of the mediastinum and contain the right and left lungs
abdominopelvic cavity
1) located below the diaphragm
2) upper portion is the abdominal cavity and the lower is the pelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
contains the stomach, most of the intestine, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys
pelvic cavity
1) extends downward from the level of the hips
2) contains the the remainder of the intestines, the rectum, urinary bladder, and internal parts of the reproductive system
quadrants
1) 4 divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity because of its large size
2) the 4 divisions are subdivided into 9 regions
quadrant names
upper right (URQ); lower right (LRQ); upper left (ULQ); lower left (LLQ)
region names
1) right & left hypochondriac
2) right & left iliac
3) right & left lumbar
4) umbilical region
5) epigastric region
6) hypogastric region
other small cavities located in the head
oral cavity; nasal cavities; orbital cavities; middle ear cavities