HC 1914: introduction to the human body lec notes & CH 1

anatomy

1) to cut apart
2) the study of body structure, organs, organ systems

gross anatomy

1) "naked eye"; macroscopic
2) through dissection: animals;
3) pro-section: humans who donate their body to science

microanatomy

microscopic

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

developmental anatomy

growth and development during life

embryology

1) egg-birth (conception/fertilization)
2) 1st 8 weeks of life
3) in human fetus - after 8 weeks - birth

ontogeny

complete developmental history of an individual organism

phylogeny

complete developmental history of a race or group of organisms

physiology

study of processes or functions; look at a function as it relates to homeostasis; relates changes to maintain a normal environment

pathology

study of disease and etiology of disease

pathophysiology

disease conditions; study of disease as it relates to the effect on function of the body or organ/organ system

tissues

groups of cells with similar structure and function

4 types of tissues (as in class notes)

epithelial; connective; muscular; nervous

cell

basic living unit of a living organism

organelle

structure within a cell

organ

composed of two or more tissue types - common function

organ system

groups of organs that have a common function as a unit

name the 11 organ systems

integumentary; skeletal; muscular; endocrine; nervous; respiratory; digestive; reproductive; urinary; circulatory; lymphatic; (immune #12)

organism

any living thing described as a whole whether one cell or many cells

anatomical position

the body is standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, toes and palms directed forward

superior position

a part is above another part or is closer to the head

inferior position

a part is located below another part or is closer to the feet

anterior or ventral position

toward the front (belly) surface

posterior or dorsal position

toward the back surface

medial position

toward the midline of the body

lateral position

away from the midline of the body

proximal position

the structure is nearer the point of attachment, often the trunk of the body

distal position

the structure is farther away from the point of attachment than another part

superficial position

a part is located on or near the surface of the body

deep position

a part is located away from the surface of the body

central position

a part is located near the center

peripheral position

a part is located away from the center

sagittal plane

divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions

midsagittal section

the division line of the sagittal plane

frontal (coronal) plane

the division of the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) portions

transverse plane

the division of the body horizontally creating superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

cross-section

when the body or an organ is cut transversely (horizontally)

abdominal region (anterior surface)

anterior trunk just below the ribs

antecubital region (anterior surface)

area in front of the elbow

axillary region (anterior surface)

armpit

brachial region (anterior surface)

arm

buccal region (anterior surface)

cheek area, cavity between cheek and gum

cephalic region (anterior surface)

head

cranial region (anterior surface)

nearer to the head

digital region (anterior surface)

fingers, toes

femoral region (anterior surface)

thigh area

flank region (anterior surface)

fleshy area along each side of the lower ribs and the top of the hip bones

inguinal region (anterior surface)

area where the thigh meets the trunk of the body; often called the groin

oral region (anterior surface)

mouth

orbital region (anterior surface)

area around the eye

patellar region (anterior surface)

front of the knee over the kneecap

plantar region (anterior surface)

sole of the foot

pubic region (anterior surface)

genital area

sternal region (anterior surface)

middle of the chest (over the breastbone area)

umbilical region (anterior surface)

navel

caudal region (posterior surface)

near to the lower region of the spinal column (near the tailbone)

deltoid region (posterior surface)

rounded area of the shoulder closest to the upper arm

gluteal region (posterior surface)

buttocks

lumbar region (posterior surface)

area of the back between the ribs and the hips

occipital region (posterior surface)

back of the head

popliteal region (posterior surface)

behind, or back of, the knee area

scapular region (posterior surface)

shoulder blade area

viscera

the body's organs that are located within the cavities of the body

body cavities

1) large internal spaces
2) two major cavities: dorsal & ventral

dorsal cavity

1) located toward the back of the body
2) has 2 divisions: cranial & spinal (vertebral)

ventral cavity

1) located toward the front of the body
2) has 2 divisions: thoracic & abdominopelvic

thoracic cavity

1) divided into 2 compartments: mediastinum & pericardial cavity
2) lungs occupy most of this space

mediastinum

space that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and large blood vessels attached to the heart

pericardial cavity

located within the mediastinum and contains the heart

pleural cavities

located on either side of the mediastinum and contain the right and left lungs

abdominopelvic cavity

1) located below the diaphragm
2) upper portion is the abdominal cavity and the lower is the pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity

contains the stomach, most of the intestine, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys

pelvic cavity

1) extends downward from the level of the hips
2) contains the the remainder of the intestines, the rectum, urinary bladder, and internal parts of the reproductive system

quadrants

1) 4 divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity because of its large size
2) the 4 divisions are subdivided into 9 regions

quadrant names

upper right (URQ); lower right (LRQ); upper left (ULQ); lower left (LLQ)

region names

1) right & left hypochondriac
2) right & left iliac
3) right & left lumbar
4) umbilical region
5) epigastric region
6) hypogastric region

other small cavities located in the head

oral cavity; nasal cavities; orbital cavities; middle ear cavities