Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes, issued on 13 April 1598, by Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic.
Huguenots
The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the seventeenth centuries
Calvinists
The religious doctrines of John Calvin, emphasizing the omnipotence of God and the salvation of the elect by God's grace alone.
Montesquieu
French philosopher and jurist. An outstanding figure of the early French Enlightenment, he wrote the influential Persian Letters (1721), a veiled attack on the monarchy and the ancien régime, and The Spirit of the Laws (1748), a discourse on government.
Seperation of Powers
The separation of powers, is a model for the governance of both democratic & federative states. The model was first developed in ancient Greece and came into widespread use by the Roman Republic as part of the uncodified Constitution of the Roman Republic.
No Taxation without Representation
No taxation without representation" is a slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s that summarized a primary grievance of the British colonists in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution.
Adam Smith
Adam Smith (baptised 16 June 1723 - died 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics
John Locke
John Locke (29 August 1632 - 28 October 1704), widely known as the Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588 - 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury, was an English philosopher, remembered today for his work on political philosophy.
Age of Reason
Age of Reason (a movement in Europe from about 1650 until 1800 that advocated the use of reason and individualism instead of tradition and established doctrine) "the Enlightenment brought about many humanitarian reforms
First Estate
The clergy in France and the heads of the church in Britain.
Second Estate
The nobility in France and the peerage in Britain.
Third Estate
The French bourgeoisie and working class before the French Revolution.
Bourgeoisie
The middle class, typically referring to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.
Reign of Terror
A period of remorseless repression or bloodshed, in particular (Reign of Terror), the period of the Terror during the French Revolution.
Ancien regime
A political and social system that no longer governs (especially the system that existed in France before the French Revolution).
Declaration of the Rights of Man
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is a fundamental document of the French Revolution, defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal.
Coal
A combustible black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel
Industrial Revolution
The rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, brought about by the introduction of machinery. It was characterized by the use of steam power, the growth of factories, and the mass production of manufactured goods
Karl Marx
Founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883)
Scientific Socialism
Scientific Socialism is the term used by Friedrich Engels to describe the social-political-economic theory first pioneered by Karl Marx.
Agricultural Revolution
The development of crop and animal raising as a food source among human communities to supplement hunting and gathering. This is thought to have first occurred among human groups in the neolithic period (approximately 10 000 to 8 000 B.C.).
Charles Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
Otto von Bismarck
German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)
German Industry
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Prussia
A former kingdom of Germany. Originally a small country on the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea, it became a major European power, covering much of modern northeastern Germany and Poland, under Frederick the Great. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, it became the center of Bismarck's new German Empire, but was abolished following Germany's defeat in World War I.
Italian Unity-Cavour, Garibaldi
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Nationalism
Patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts
Franco-Prussian War
A war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871
Russian Revolution of 1905
The 1905 Russian Revolution was a wave of mass political unrest through vast areas of the Russian Empire. Some of it was directed against the government, while some was undirected. It included terrorism, worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force- the struggle against imperialism- French ministers protested at U.S. cultural imperialism
Social Darwinism
The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform
Genocide
The deliberate killing of a large group of people, esp. those of a particular ethnic group or nation
Boer War
Either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902)
Indian National Congress
A broad-based political party in India, founded in 1885 and the principal party in government since independence in 1947.Following splits in the party, the Indian National Congress (I), formed by Indira Gandhi as a breakaway group (the I standing for Indira), was confirmed in 1981 as the official Congress Party
WWI- who fought & why: outcome of war
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Modern Warfare
Modern warfare, although present in every historical period of military history, is generally used to refer to the concepts, methods and technologies that have come into use during and after the Second World War and the Korean War
Trench Warfare
A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other
Machine gun
An automatic gun that fires bullets in rapid succession for as long as the trigger is pressed
Airplane
A powered flying vehicle with fixed wings and a weight greater than that of the air it displaces
Submarine (U-boat)
A warship with a streamlined hull designed to operate completely submerged in the sea for long periods, equipped with an internal store of air and a periscope and typically armed with torpedoes and/or missiles
Stalin
Joseph (1879-1953), Soviet statesman; general secretary of the Communist Party of the former Soviet Union 1922-53; born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. In 1928, he launched a succession of five-year plans for rapid industrialization and the enforced collectivization of agriculture. His large-scale purges of the intelligentsia in the 1930s were equally ruthless
5-Year Plan
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Bolsheviks
A Russian member of the left-wing majority group that followed Lenin and eventually became the Russian communist party
Spanish Civil War
The conflict (1936-39) between Nationalist forces (including monarchists and members of the Falange Party) and Republicans (including socialists, communists, and Catalan and Basque separatists) in Spain
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa, for Frederick I) was the code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that began on 22 June 1941. Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a front.
Appeasement
The action or process of appeasing- a policy of appeasement
Holocaust
The mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime during the period 1941-45. More than 6 million European Jews, as well as members of other persecuted groups, such as gypsies and homosexuals, were murdered at concentration camps such as Auschwitz
Cold War
A state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular