What drugs are used primarily to treat tuberculosis?
Isoniazid
Rifampin
Pyrazinamide
Ethamburtol RIPE
Mebedazole is used to treat cestode infections which interfere with microtubule formation; therefore it would not affect which organism or cell?
Bacteria
What antibiotics are bactericidal?
Cephalosporins
Penicillin
Aminoglycoside
Rifampin CRAP
Monobactans
May be due to increased uptake of drug, may be transferred from one bacterium to another during conjugation, may be carried on a plasmid. Used when antibiotics are used indiscriminately.
Drug Resistance
The antimicrobial drug with the broadest spectrum of activity.
Tetracyclines
What antibiotics are effective against gram-negative bacteria?
Polymyxin
What antibiotics are used to treat fungal infections?
Amphotericin B and Griseofulvin
Why does a cell die in the presence of penicillin?
Penicillin interferes with the formation of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria; it undergoes osmotic lysis
Most antimicrobial agents are effective against what type of organism?
Bacteria
What was the first antibiotic ever discovered?
Penicillin
What group of antimicrobial agents is used to treat fungal infections?
Amphotericin B
How does herpes gladitorium get transmitted?
Direct Contact
Signs and Symptoms: Chicken pox - lesions are vesicles, eventually becoming pustules that rupture and form scabs, Pus-filled vesicles and scabs, on the person face, throat and lower back.
Diagnosed with Varicella-zoster virus
By what route is a cold sore transmitted?
Oral Route and Direct Route
What are the signs and symptoms of chickenpox?
Vesicles in most cases confined to face, throat, and lower back
Scabies is a skin disease caused by what?
Mites
Sarcoptes Scabiei
Parasitic Infection
What is the treatment for smallpox?
No known treatment.
Vaccination
What is the causative agent of both thrush and vaginitis?
Candida albicans
What is the causative agent of fever blisters?
Herpes Simplex
What infections can be caused by S. aureus?
Sty
Folliculitis
Boils
Impetigo
Cellulitis
Pimples
A teenage male presents to the clinic with pus filled cysts on both his face and upper back. A microscopic examination shows gram positive rods, What has caused his infection?
Propionibacterium Acnes
What is the etiologic agent of chickenpox?
Herpes Zoster
What are the causes of ringworm?
Microsporum
Epidermophyton
Trichophyton
What all is fungicide used to treat?
Candidiasis and Sporotrichosis
What is the greatest single cause of blindness in the world?
Trachoma
What all caused by the herpes virus?
Shingles
Chickenpox
Roseola
Keratitis
Steptococcus is sensitive to what antibiotic?
Group A
Bacitracin and will not grow around the antibiotic containing disc/penicillin and ampicillin
The reservoirs for most respiratory infections are what?
Psittacosis-parakeets
Pneumocystis-human
tuberculosis-cattle
histoplasmosis-soil
What are some characteristics of the etiologic agent of tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium bacteria
-acid-fast
-slinder rod
-ocigate aerobe
How can Pneumoncystis carinni pneumonic (PCP) be prevented in AIDS pts?
Trimethoprim
Sulfamethoazote - weak immune so activated
Why should children who have chickenpox's not take ASA?
Viruses can't be treated with antibiotics. May cause Reyes syndrome.
What are some signs and symptoms of a patient with hepatitis B?
Abdominal pain, dark urine, fever, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, weakness and fatigue, yellowing of you skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
What happens to a patient with peptic ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori after they eat?
Gastritis/Gastro cancer
Characteristics of the disease associated with pseudomembranous colitis?
A caused by antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), is an infection of the colon. Sometimes caused by the bacterium Clostridium difficile. Informal name C. difficile colitis, The illness is characterized by offensive-smelling diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. Severe complications can develop such as toxic megacolon.
The primary organ or organs affected by aflatoazins?
Cirrhosis of the liver
What are the major reasons for high incidence of diarrheal infections in developing countries?
Environmental causes such as poor sanitation, decreased access to clean water and a poor understand of transmission and treatment of disease.
The purpose of the exotoxins of Clostridium botulinum?
Highly specific for the synaptic end of the nerve, where it blocks the release of acetylcholine, a chemical necessary for transmitting nerve impulses across synapses. Neural toxin.
How can one minimize the risk of traveler's diarrhea?
Oral rehydration and common sense things
Most urinary tract infections are caused by what?
E. Coli
Delusions of grandeur" are known to occur in what disease?
Bipolar
Skitzo
3rd - teriary syphilis
The type of specimen required for the diagnosis of syphilis?
Visual microscopic inspection, nontreponemal serological and treponemal serlolgical
If group B streptococci enters the amniotic fluid, what problems could the newborn experience?
Sepsis and menijitis
What disease is characterized by apprehension and hydrophobia?
Rabies
What is the causative agent for African sleeping sickness?
Trypanosoma brucei
The organization responsible for surveillance of communicable disease in the U.S.?
CDC (Center for Disease Control)
What is known about Hepatitis D?
Liver damage, higher mortality rate, acute or chronic, deltaviridae, 6 to 26 weeks incubation period, methods of transmission-potential, and requires coinfection with hepatitis B
If you found gram negative diplococci in a patients CSF, you would suspect what organism?
Neisseria meningitidis
What are some reservoirs for rabies?
Wild bats
Meningococcal meningitis is caused by what?
Neisseria meningitides
Aerobic
Gram-negative
Why is there not a vaccine for the common cold
Many viruses cause the cold
Pasteurization was the first used to control spoilage of what?
Wine
What causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
Prion, TSE, genetic component, and similar to scrapie
Know about pelvic inflammatory disease.
Saipingitis infect uterine tube and blocks the passage of egg
Why are encephalitis and meningitis difficult to treat?
Blood-brain barrier
Arthropods can serve as a reservoir for what diseases?
Arboviral Encephalitis
Western quine
Eastern
St. Louis
California
Japaneses B
West Nile
Malaria
Yellow Fever
Burkits
This mutation is caused by a chemical that is structurally similar to nucleotide components such as adenine or thymine.
Point mutation
This mutagen would make the base adenine pair with cytosine instead of thymine.
Base pair type of mutagen
An X-Ray is an example of what type of radiation?
Electromagnetic and Ionizing Radiation
Spherical shaped bacteria that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns are called what?
Streptococci-rod shaped bacteria
Describe mycobacteria.
Most resistant to chemical biocides, TB and leprosy common
Describe endospores.
Allow cells to survive environmental changes, resistant to high temp. UV lights and desiccation
Nonspecific resistance is what?
The body's defenses against any kind of pathogen.
What is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?
Eosinophil
What is immunity that is not due to antibodies?
Innate Immunity
Immunity resulting from recovery from mumps is what type of immunity?
Naturally Required Active Immunity