Ancient Egypt and influence of geography on the civilization
c. 2700 - c. 1090 BCEit was located on the Nile River (4160 miles long, the worldʼs longest river). It helped develop a civilization, because it provided everything the Egyptians needed, which also helped evolve their economy. This civilization lived right along the river, and the land around it was just desert and swamps which isolated it and provided protection against intruders.
Prehistory
period of time before people began writing
Hieroglyphics
An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
Rosetta Stone
a stone with writing on it in three languages hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek.Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Egyptian pyramids and the Valley of Kings
the site of the tombs of ancient Egyptian pharaohs from the New Kingdom dynasties, from the 16th-11th centuries B.C. -The Valley of the Kings lies on the west bank of the Nile across from ancient Thebes (modern Luxor).
Greece - influence of geography on the civilization
Because of Greeces mountain ranges, communities were separated and mostly isolated because there was no way to get to other areas. All this led to the creation of Democracy in Greece.
Greek social structures
As Athenian society evolved, free men were divided between Citizens and Metics. A citizen was born with Athenian parents and were the most powerful group, that could take part in the government of the Polis. After compulsory service in the army they were expected to be government officials and take part in Jury Service. A metic was of foreign birth that had migrated to Athens, to either trade or practice a craft. A metic had to pay taxes and sometimes required to serve in the army. However, they could never achieve full right s of a Citizen, neither could they own houses or land and were not allowed to speak in law courts.
Greek concepts of citizenship and democracy
Citizenship: only men got to be citizens. And not just any man; his mother, father, grandfather, grandmother and sometimes even more had to be born in Athens, Greece.Democracy: Similar to U.S. democracy today
Alexander the Great and the spread of Greek ideas
Whithin 10 years from 334 BC, the Greek Macedonian Alexander the Great broke the power of the Persian King Darius III , conquered with decisive battles all Persia and settled Greek empire stretched from Greece to the Indus River. Some people today still think they are Alexander descendants as the Kalash people from Afghanistan...
Contrasting views of society: Athens and Sparta
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Rome - influence of geography on the civilization
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Rome mythology
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Rome: military domination and its impact on the economy and society
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How big did the Roman Empire get, with what boarders, at its largest? In comparison, how small was it when it fell? What were the main reasons for the success as its largest point and its gradual shrinking?
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The establishment of "rule by law" and the concept of citizenship
The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials.
Origin and spread of Christianity, and Constantinople's role
the e major starting factor to the spread of Christianity was Constantine. He made Christianity the religion of Rome and built Constantinople, the new Christian capitol of the eastern Roman Empire.
Major causes for the decline and fall of the Roman empire
=-the Empire was too large to govern effectively.-the army was Not what it used to be. There was corruption in the military - dishonest Generals and non-Roman soldiers. -civil wars broke out between different political groups.Emperors were often selected by Violence, or by birth, so the head of government was Not always a capable leader.-the increased use of slaves put many Romans out of work-the rich became lazy and showed little interest in trying to solve Rome problems. the poor were overtaxed and overworked. -prices increased, trade decreased.-the population was shrinking due to starvation and disease. that made it difficult to manage farms and government effectively.-the Empire starting shrinking. the Huns, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Saxons and other barbarian tribes overran the empire.
Causes and consequences of the First World War
Causes: M.A.I.N.Though World War I started in August 1914, the United States—pursuing a policy of isolationism and diplomacy—did not officially enter the war until nearly three years later. When a German submarine sank the Lusitania in 1915, killing over 100 Americans, President Woodrow Wilson demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied until Jan. 31, 1917, when its resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare marked a turning point for U.S. involvement in the war. After seven U.S. vessels were sunk, President Wilson on April 2, 1917, asked Congress to declare war—which it did four days later thanks to wilsons 14 points.Consequences: Large sections of land, especially in France and Belgium, were completely destroyed. Fighting laid buildings, bridges and railroad lines in ruins. Chemicals and gun shells made farming land unusable for years to come.Countries had to raise taxes and borrow money from their citizens. They also printed money in order to buy weapons and other things they needed for war. This led to inflation after the war.In the course of the Russian Revolution the Soviet Union emerged, together with a new ideology: Communism.
Russian Revolution
-2 revolutions happened-during reign of nicholas the 2nd (last czar of Russia) -1st revolution-1905-workers on strike in front of scar's house bc of working conditions- a priest comes up with list of grievances and go towards czars house (unarmed)-they were shot a killed-BLOODY SUNDAY- people not happy about this. Nicholas comes up with the Duma (where power was supposed to be shared with those people in the duma and right of representation) but he did not share this power and abolished the Duma. This caused the 1917 revolution. -also.. WW1 helped cause 1st revolution bc economy was very bad and so many people were dying.
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution, which began in 1910, ended dictatorship in Mexico and established a constitutional republic. A number of groups, led by revolutionaries including Francisco Madero, Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, participated in the long and costly conflict. Though a constitution drafted in 1917 formalized many of the reforms sought by rebel groups, periodic violence continued into the 1930s.
Chinese Revolutions
two revolutions-mao zedong (ruler of that time)-frustration of demands from japan and western powers (they lost the war led by great britain), and church had string rule. sen yet-sen led amalgam groups to form revolt. revolt alliance to replace suing rule.-2nd revolution in 1949
Rise of communism in the Soviet Union and facism in Germany, Italy and Japan
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Facism
a way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a dictator controls the lives of the people
Causes and consequences of the Second World War; the Holocaust
Cause: Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasions of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy.Consequence: The united states economy underwent expansion, leading to an increase in the standard of living and rapid suburbanization; emerging as the strongest Western nation
Origin and meaning of the Cold War; collapse of the Soviet Union
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Collapse of the Soviet Union due to the Cold War
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Post-Second World War decolonization in Africa and Asia and increased democracy in Europe including India and Pakistan in 1947, Sub-Saharan nations in 1960; Kenya, Angola, and Mozambique in the 1960s and 1970s; Nations in Eastern Europe, the Balkans, and the former Soviet Union in the 1980s and 1990s
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What are the main reasons that a global culture emerged in the 20th century? What are the consequences of this global culture?
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Economics: Scarcity
only a limited amount of resources available to produce the unlimited amount of goods and services we desire. You must make a choice.
Economics: Needs and Wants
Needs would be defined as goods or services that are required. This would include the needs for food, clothing, shelter and health care. Wants are goods or services that are not necessary but that we desire or wish for.
Economics: Resources
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Economics: Cost
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Economics: Opportunity cost
refers to a benefit that a person could have received, but gave up, to take another course of action. Stated differently, an opportunity cost represents an alternative given up when a decision is made.
Economics: Property
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Economics: Capital
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Economics: Goods
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Economics: Markets
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Economics: Price
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Economics: Competition
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Economics: Supply and demand
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Economics: Production and consumption
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Economics: Inflation, deflation, recession, depression
Inflation: a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. It is measured as an annual percentage increase. As inflation rises, every dollar you own buys a smaller percentage of a good or service. Deflation: prices fall. This is a result of reduced money supply and reduced availability of credit. If no one buys anything, business inventories increase as sales of consumer goods decrease, and prices drop in response.Recession: negative gross domestic product (GDP) for two or more successive quarters. Depression: A recession that lasts for years with severe economic depths.
Economics: Trade and barter
Barter: Barter is the act of trading goods or services between two or more parties without the use of money. Bartering can benefit individuals, companies and countries that see a mutual benefit in exchanging goods and services rather than cash. It also enables those who are lacking hard currency to obtain goods and services.
Why is it claimed that the concept of "scarcity" is the basis for the discipline of economics?
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Basic role of Corporations in economics
made up of individual shares that allows for multiple owners
Basic role of Labor unions in economics
Unions benefit their members but hurt consumers generally, and especially workers who are denied job opportunities.Unions decrease the number of jobs available in the economy. The vast majority of manufacturing jobs lost over the past three decades have been among union members.
Basic role of Banks in economics
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Basic role of Nonprofit institutions in economics
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Basic role of credit companies in economics
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Basic role of insurance companies in economics
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Basic role of stock markets in economics
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Economics: Private versus public goods
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Economics: Private versus public services
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Official United States government definition of employment, unemployment, and "labor force
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Minimum wage definition
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Cost-of-living raise
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Current types of skills that workers need
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Effects of rapid technological change and international competition on labor in general and individuals
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Distribution of wealth
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Private ownership, private enterprise, profits
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Division of labor and specialization
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Natural, capital, and human resources
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Reasons governments levy taxes
Both the federal and state governments have the power to levy and collect taxes of citizens, meaning it is a power that exists for both the federal and state governments, making it a concurrent power.
Governments role in maintaining the country's currency
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National debt
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Federal Reserve System
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Consumer Price Index
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Federal government's budget ( "Balanced", "deficit", "surplus")
Deficit: When a supply is less than the demand for that goodSurplus: when a supply is greater than the demand for that good.
Gross National Product
the total value of goods produced and services provided by a country during one year, equal to the gross domestic product plus the net income from foreign investments.
Major characteristics of traditional economics
Original economic system which traditions, customs, and beliefs, shape goods and services the economy produces. Relies on hunting, fishing, agriculture.
Major characteristics of command economics
a system where the gov't rather than free market determines what goods that should be produced, at how much and price at which goods will offered for sale.
Major characteristics of free-market economics
market based economy, where prices for goods and services are free-set by forces of supply & demand, without intervention by government policy.
Major characteristics of Communism economics
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Major characteristics of Socialism economics
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Major characteristics of Capitalism economics
Similar to free market economyIncentives created through the profit motive to encourage innovation and invention by use of capital or money to provide incentive so the entire economy grows stronger and can support more workers and a high standard of living
What has been the impact of satellite systems (wireless technology), the Internet, and robotics (in assembly lines and warehouses) on the United States and world economies? How is e-commerce changing the United States and world economics?
Mass production
Definition of imports and exports
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Definition of Tariffs and quotas
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Arguments for and against "free trade
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Currencies and exchange rates: the effects when the dollar gains or loses value relative to other currencies
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In 1911 American archaeologist Hiram Bingham discovered Machu Picchu in the Peruvian Andes Mountains. The site was a city built by
Inca
Accomplishments of the ancient Egyptian civilization
mummification, hieroglyphics and mummification.
The first monotheistic religion in history
Judaism - Hebrews
The greatest legacy to the Phoenician civilization
Alphabet
What was the final end to the second world war?
Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hirashima