Screen Resolution
Color bars or a "test pattern" is exactly that: something engineers and editors use as a standard to set up video equipment
TV screen
any visual, moving file: It has dimension and size, It has a pallet of colors, It is electronically transmitted in different ways
dimension
aspect ratio: different measurements for different purposes (Computers, Tablets/Phones, TV, Films/Conferencing); start with the final output media
dimension size
wide and high: measured in pixels; how many pixels high v how many pixels wide (how many pixels)
HD aspect ratio
16:9
SD aspect ratio
4:3
layering in images
How the image is scanned onto the screen (interlaced and progressive)
interlaced scanning
two sets of signals moving so fast you think it's just one image (video is refreshed to the screen twice every frame) captured images are split into separate fields; two fields of lines are generated: a field displaying the odd lines, and a second field d
Drop framing
Every 10 seconds you must electronically drop 2 seconds; while NTSC has a framerate of 29.97, the screen is actually being partially redrawn every 59.94 times a second. A half-frame is being drawn to the screen every 60th of a second, in other words. This
progressive scanning
values are obtained for each pixel on the sensor and each line of image data is scanned sequentially, producing a full frame image; an entire image frame is sent over a network and when displayed on a progressive scan computer monitor, each line of an ima
color depth
pixels have bit-number color value. 0 and 1 are black and white (1 bit per pixel- monochrome); different colors and shades in each pixel; 24 bit- 16.7 M colors- SVGA (true color)
5 Common Types of Graphics
Title graphics; (In news) Over-the-shoulder or "box" graphics; Fonts or "identifier" graphics (aka: lower thirds); Full Screen Graphics; 3D Modeling
Screen safe and title safe
if you put a graphic on different size TV's- it could run off the screen so you must make it so it will fit on any size
3D graphics
Used to illustrate events we don't have video for but still want to describe to an audience; Based upon 3D objects mapped out on a 3D (X, Y, Z) plain
graphics layering
Bottom to Top: video, animation, iconic image, text, bug
types of images
Still images, 3D objects, video clips as images
3D images
mathematical, made up of polygons
most common still image formats
PNG (portable network graphics; replaced GIF)
JPEG (joint photographic experts Group)
PICT (mac photo file format)
TIFF (PC. Tagged image file format)
Chroma key
a technique used in film, video and still photography to replace a portion of an image with a new image; most commonly used to replace a colored background with another image; the shot is then processed using editing software. The editor tells the softwar
Matte analysis
how the pixels see the image
Green screen effect
Type of chroma key. The idea is to create a pure green background which is then replaced with whatever background image you want
Reflecmedia
grey background using a ring light (green or blue) around the camera so you can easily change the key color
two parts of analogue sound
amplitude and frequency
amplitude
The objective measurement of the degree of change (positive or negative) in atmospheric pressure (the compression and rarefaction of air molecules) caused by sound waves; greater amplitude will produce greater changes in atmospheric pressure from high pre
frequency
Oscillation capable of being
perceived by the human ear, generally between 20
and 20,000 Hz
two parts of digital sound
bit depth (amplitude) and sampling rate (frequency)
bit depth
The number of bits of information recorded for each sample; directly corresponds to the resolution of each sample in a set of digital audio data
common examples of bit depth
CD quality audio, which is recorded at 16 bits, and DVD-Audio, which can support up to 24-bit audio
sampling rate
The number of samples per unit of time (usually seconds) taken from a continuous signal to make a discrete signal
time-domain signals
the unit for sampling rate is hertz (inverse seconds, 1/s, s?1), sometimes noted as Sa/s or S/s (samples per second)
sampling period or sampling interval
The reciprocal of the sampling frequency, which is the
time between samples
sampling
is the process of converting a signal into a numeric sequence
three varieties of compression
compression and rarefaction, dynamic range compression, data compression
compression and rarefaction
because of the longitudinal motion of the air particles, there are regions in the air where the air particles are compressed together and other regions where the air particles are spread apart. These regions are known as compressions and rarefactions resp
dynamic range compression
Reduces the volume of loud sounds or
amplifies quiet sounds by narrowing or "compressing" an audio signal's dynamic range
data compression
Involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation; the process of reducing the size of a data file. Compression can be either lossy or lossless. Its formal name is source coding (coding done at the source of the data, before
Lossless compression
reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy; no information is lost
Lossy Compression
reduces bits by identifying marginally important
information and removing it
MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III
a patented encoding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most di
perceptual coding
The compression works by reducing accuracy of certain parts of sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to human hearing,
advantage of lossy methods over lossless methods
in some cases a lossy method can produce a much smaller compressed file than any lossless method, while still meeting the requirements of the application
Compression
the process of "packing" digital video & audio signals during recording
Interframe
Like playing telephone: every frame has full information but depressed information (doesn't work as well in editing); working codec
Intraframe
Only first and last frame has full information: bidirectional or predicted information in between first and last frames (more appropriate for editing); delivery codec
Decompression
the process of "unpacking" digital video & audio signals during playback
codec
a formula that defines how media is compressed and decompressed (co +dec); a method for encoding or decoding data--specifically, compressed data; the term was originally a shortened form of compressor-decompressor; they take digital media data and either
Bit rate
how fast information can get from one place to another
container
the "packaging" that holds the compressed media: AKA- "wrapper"; Once the media data is compressed into suitable formats and reasonable sizes, it needs to be packaged, transported, and presented; discrete "black boxes" for holding a variety of media forma
Popular Codecs
DV
HDV - HD signals on DV tapes
H.262 (MPEG-2) - DVDs
H.264 (MPEG-4)
Apple ProRes
Avid DNxHD
Popular Containers
Quicktime (.mov)
Audio Video Interleave (.avi)
MPEG-4 (.mp4, .m4a)
AVCHD
Material Exchange Format (MXF)
Audio and video cables/connectors
XLR (male and female), audio connectors, video cables
Video Cables
Coaxial with BNC Connector; Analog BNC inputs; Composite Video and Audio with RCA connectors; S-video; Component with RCA Connectors; Component Inputs; SDI with BNC connectors; HDMI
BNC
Bayonet Neill Councelman
Composite Video and Audio with RCA connectors
Yellow- chroma (color information)/ luminance (brightness)
Red/black- audio
White- audio
S-video
separates Luminance (Y) and Chroma (C)
Component with RCA Connectors
Separating red green and blue chroma; Higher quality video signal
Component Inputs
Y-luminance green
Reds and blues also separate
Issue: three separate cables
SDI with BNC connectors
Serial Digital Interface: feed digital video, can imbed audio in it; video and audio in one cable = more efficient
HDMI
High definition multimedia interface; most commonly used in home video and camcorders; audio, video, and HD all in one cable
USB
Universal Serial Bus
workflow
consists of a sequence of concatenated (connected) steps. Emphasis is on the flow paradigm, where each step follows the precedent without delay or gap and ends just before the subsequent step may begin. This concept is related to non overlapping tasks of
Human-Computer Interaction
User control of existing content presentation; provide richer environments for users, with more opportunity to control news presentation and consume more types of content; users cannot influence the news-making or content presented on the site
Human-Computer Interaction features
Multimedia
Personalization
Playing video and audio, downloading podcasts
"Blogs" by journalists or experts
Computer Mediated Communication
Users can contribute content; Users can interact with one another, interact with journalists and news media, influence the experience of other users, influence content presented on the web
Computer Mediated Communication features
Blogs
Forums
Rating articles
HCI vs. CMC: The Technological Perspective
HCI: person at computer to website
CMC: person at computer to forum of multiple people
HCI vs. CMC: The Journalistic Perspective
HCI features on news sites pose little or no threat to the journalistic professional interests- on the contrary
CMC features allow users to be involved in some aspects of the journalism world through: contributing news (iReport, uReport), contributing opi
Journalism argues for an exclusive social role
They can disseminate accurate and timely news, on a variety of topics, from a variety of perspectives. Arguing they know better than other individuals and groups how to do that job. Have a professional interest for autonomy and isolation. It's their marke
Sharing Features
SNS
RSS
Email story to a friend
Customized email and mobile alerts
Sharing Features Abilities
Reach news audiences; Move discussions away from the news website: on one hand, distance themselves from content they have no control over; on the other hand, missing the opportunity to attract new and younger audiences
Collective Knowledge and Technology
We can consume, share, and exchange our knowledge; We can access the Internet from almost anywhere; News flow faster than ever before and often not from traditional sources
local news
Bloggers cover very specific areas; Citizens who care; Often have a job and don't blog for the money
SNS and News Opportunities
Basic level: Sharing; News media's accounts; Journalists' accounts (OpEds); Full integration (see what your friends are reading and saying- another layer of gatekeeping/accommodation)
Advantages of the use of SNS by News Media
Go where your audiences are: news as a part of everyday life; Exposure to new audiences (especially younger demographics); Users follow links to news organizations' websites; Social news approach - your friends are your gatekeepers; Interpersonal aspects:
Disadvantages of the use of SNS by News Media
Issue of it actually being news; Problems with reducing news to 140 characters; relevance/irrelevance of public opinion; Media's social status as just another user or just another source of information; Issues of accuracy, credibility, fact checking, and
multi-platform projects
from a producer perspective: transmedia storytelling
for a user perspective: narractivity
The Use of Multi platforms from a producer perspective
idea is not new; what is new: simultaneous use, new technologies, user participation
Transmedia storytelling (Henry Jenkins)
Multiple texts and platforms are integrated to "create a narrative so large that it cannot be contained within a single medium"; Different platforms telling different stories (no redundancy across platforms); Writing a multi-facet story; Make an economic
Webisodes
A short audio or video presentation on the Web; used to promote a product, preview music, deliver news events and present all sorts of information; often some sort of spin-off of the original show
Online Fans
unique subset of the television-viewing audience with access to the Internet and a motivation to seek out online resources related to the viewing of a favorite program (and) express their attachment to television narratives by creating or visiting Web sit
Narractivity
the process by which communal interactive action constructs and develops a coherent narrative database: people getting together and telling stories; groups coming together, creating content together
wiki communities
Fans express new concepts of a story through interactive narratives, allowing fans to rewrite, revise, reorganize, or retell a show's story, all within this interactive online database