Bolsheviks
the radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement. This was led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution.A minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution.
War Communism
The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters.
U-Boats
German submarines used in World War I
War Raw Materials Board
The German government set it up and was able to transport raw materials to the German armies. This was created by Walter Rathenau, a Jewish industrialist.
Auxiliary Service Law
German law which made all Germans between the ages of 17 to 60 to work jobs which were important to the war.
Ministry of Munitions
When Britain began to run out of shells, David Lloyd George created a private industry to produce items for war.
David Lloyd George
Prime minister at the end of World War 1, he pushed for a treaty that would make Germany suffer as part of his revenge.
Propaganda
Info that is spread to promote a cause or item.
Henri Philippe Petain
He was a national hero in World War 1 at Battle of Verdun. He was the French leader of the Vichy republic of France, which was Nazi France. He is seen as a traitor to his people by some Frenchman as he was a "puppet" for Germany.
Three Emperor's League
An unstable alliance between Tsar Alexander II of Russia, Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary, and Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany. This alliance, formed on October 22, 1873, was formed to resurrect the Holy Alliance of 1815 and act as a bulwark against radical
Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty
A treaty, written June 18, 1887, used as an attempt by Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck to continue to ally with Russia after the League of Three Emperors broke up. The treaty was supposed to keep France diplomatically isolated and prevent a two-front war fro
Emperor William II
The King of Prussia from January 1861 to March 1888 and emperor of Germany from January 1871 to March 1888. His actions led to the unification of the German state and also planted the seeds of the Franco-Prussian tensions (Franco-Prussian War of 1870) tha
Anglo-French Entente of 1904
Also known as the Entente Cordiale, this series of agreements, signed on April 8, 1904, between Great Britain and France, which created an Anglo-French alliance. This alliance eventually joined with the Anglo-Russian Entente and the Franco-Russian allianc
The Daily Mail (newspaper)
A British, daily tabloid newspaper, first published in 1896 and was aimed at the newly literate lower middle class. Tabloids like this one put out censored stories of the war's progression and were often used to boost enthusiasm for the war and create a g
First Balkan War
The first of a series of wars that broke out in the Balkans during the years leading up to World War I that were fought because of territorial tensions. During this war (1912), Serbia joined Greece and Bulgaria to attack the Ottoman Empire and then quarre
Second Balkan War
The second of a series of wars that broke out in the Balkans during the years leading up to World War I that were fought because of territorial tensions. During this war (1913), Bulgaria attacked its former allies from the First Balkan War. Austria interv
Third Balkan War
A war with the Balkans that eventually turned into World War I, caused by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by a Serbian revolutionary. When Germany presented an unconditional ultimatum to Serbia that would violate Serbian sovereignty, Serbi
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The archduke of Austria-Hungary and heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated by a Serbian revolutionary on June 28, 1914. His death triggered the conflict between Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Balkans (Third Balkan War) and served as one
Triple Entente
The alliance between Great Britain, Russia, and France that formed by the joining of the Anglo-French Entente, the Anglo-Russian Entente, and the Franco-Russian Alliance during World War I. This alliance fought against the Triple Alliance of Austria, Germ
Triple Alliance
*The alliance of Austria, Germany, & Italy. Italy left the alliance when war broke out in 1914 on the grounds that Austria had launched a war of aggression
*Faced an increasingly hostile Dual Alliance of Russia & France, & the German general staff began s
Schlieffen Plan
*A failed German plan calling for a lightning attack through neutral Belgium & a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia
*Another failure due to this was when Russia was knocked out of the war
Battle of the Marne
*On September 6 the French attacked a gap in the German line
*For three days, France threw everything into the attack
*The French government desperately requisitioned all the taxis of Paris to rush reserves to the troops at the front
*The Germans fell bac
Trench Warfare
*A type of fighting used in World War I behind rows of trenches, mines, & barbed wire; the cost in lives was staggering & the gains in territory minimal
*Using this technique, recently invented weapons, the products of an industrial age, made battle imper
Battle of Verdun
*In 1916 this unsuccessful German campaign cost some 700,000 lives on both sides & ended in a draw, the opposing trenches still in place
*The results of 1917 were little better
*Following this & the Somme in 1916, German military leaders forced the Reichs
Battle of Somme
*A great British offensive undertaken in the summer of 1916 in northern France
*Began with a weeklong heavy artillery bombardment on the Greman line, intended to cut the barbed wire fortifications, decimate the enemy trenches, & prevent the Germans from m
Armenian Genocide
*When in 1915 some Armenians welcomed Russian armies as liberators, the Ottoman government, with German support, ordered a mass deportation of its Armenian citizens from their homeland, causing a million innocent civilians to die from murder, starvation,
Total War
*A war in which distinctions between the soldiers on the battlefield & civilians at home are blurred, & where government plans & controls economic social life in order to supply the armies at the front with supplies & weapons
*At the front, it meant lengt
Central Powers
*Austria & Germany, later joined by the Ottoman Empire in October 1914
*Britain & France established a naval blockade against "this"
*Were hit hard with the strains of war (assassinations, political dissatisfaction, revolutions, starvation, death, ect.)
*
Lusitania
*In May 1915 a German submarine sank this British passenger liner, claiming more than 1,000 lives, among them 139 U.S. citizens
*As a result, Germany halted its submarine warfare for almost 2 years
*Early in 1917 the Germna military command - confident th
Balfour Declaration
�1917 Britain/Ottoman Empire
�British statement that declared British support of a National Home for Jewish People in Palestine
�Written by British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour
�Did not prejudice the civil and religious rights of the non-Jewish commun
No Man's Land
�World War 1 Western Front
�a strip of land beween the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during WW1
Zimmerman Telegram
�March 1917
�German Arthur Zimmerman, Foreign Secretary, sent a telegram to the German minister in Mexico City telling him to promise the Mexican President German help if Mexico went to war with the U.S. if the U.S. attacked Germany
� In return, Germany w
Mustard Gas
�1917 World War I
�a new invention in WWI - a yellow colored gas that was fired at the enemy - it caused blindness, damage to the lungs and death
�Lethal and odorless toxic gas with sulfide based compounds that took 13 hours for affect. Skin would bliser,
Doughboys
�World War I
�Nickname given to regular soldiers in World War I. �Part of the American Legion that was lobbying for veteran's benefits.
�Wanted to receive their "dough" to make up for the wages that they lost when they joined the military.
�Nickname for t
War of Attrition
�Military strategy based on exhausting the enemy's manpower and resources before yours are exhausted, usually involving great losses on both sides
�Trench warfare between Germany and France called War of Attrition because the goal was to break down the en
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
� March 1918
�Peace treaty signed between the Central Powers and Russia
�Ceded Russian territories containing a third of the Russian empire's population to the Central Powers.
�Allowed Russian leader Lenin to escape continued war and pursuer his goal of a
War Guilt Clause
�End of World War I
�Part of the Treaty of Versailles, Article 231
�Declared that Germany was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the fighting
�Expressed French and British demands for revenge
Dawes Plan
�1924
�Accepted by France, Germany, and Britain
�War reparations agreement that reduced Germany's yearly payments
�Made payment dependent on economic property and granted large U.S. loans to promote recovery
Popular Front
�May 1936
�Alliance formed by the Communists, the Socialists, and the radicals who were frightened of the growing strength of the fascists
�Short-lived New Deal
�Inspired alliance in France led by Blum that encourages the union movement and launched a far