What are the 4 humors? Who proposed them?
black bile, yellow bile, blood, phlegm
Hippocrates
What are the four personality types associated with the 4 humors?
1. melancholic-gloomy/thoughtful
2. choleric- irritable/easily angered
3. sanguine-cheerfully optimistic/confident
4. phlegmatic-unemotional, calm, sluggish
Who was Rene Descartes?
~man who said, "I think, therefore I am",
~wrote about the pineal gland--he thought that because it was the only one on the midline, it must be where the soul is attached to the body because everywhere else had a symmetrical half on the other side of the
biopsychology
the scientific study of the biology of behavior
What are some of the advantages of doing research on nonhuman animals?
1. brains and behavior are simpler
2. comparative approach
3. can conduct research that would be unethical in humans
pure research
research motivated by the curiosity of the researcher for acquiring knowledge
applied research
research that intends to bring about some benefit to mankind
What are the 6 major divisions of biopsych?
1. physiological
2. psychopharmacology
3. neuropsychology
4. psychophysiology
5. cognitive neuroscience
6. comparative psychology
physiological psych
neural mechanisms of behavior through the direct manipulation of the brain in controlled experiments
~uses mostly lab animals, pure research
psychopharmacology
manipulation of neural activity and behavior with drugs
~applied research to develop therapeutic drugs or decrease drug abuse, mostly work with lab animals and sometimes humans
neuropsychology
the study of the psychological effects of brain damage in humans
~applied research, heavy focus on cerebral cortex, mostly case studies
psychophysiology
studies the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes
~EEG, autonomic nervous system
cognitive neuroscience
neural bases of cognition
~human subjects, non-invasive
~functional brain imaging while subject is engaged in a cognitive activity
comparative psychology
compare the behavior of different species to understand the evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior
phrenology/Franz Gall (1790)
~different parts of the brain have different functions, which is the only body part with this
~sites of brain regions relate to different abilities (ex: large 'empathy' regions would be very empathetic)
~sites of brain regions are reflected on the skull
Who was Paul Broca (1861)?
~he did post-mortem studies of speech/language aphasia patients who experience traumatic brain injury (TBI)
~"Tan"- case study who could only say the word 'tan', the rest of his brain was intact though and he would get frustrated when he was unable to say
Korbinian Brodmann (1900s)
~classified cortical neurons by cytoarchitecture, several areas overlap with functional areas but most do not
What are the current hypotheses related to segregation of function?
~observable output is result of interactions among many brain regions and not usually single cells or regions (ex: bull with caudate simulator)
~regions may or may not form functionally distinct "structures"
~behavior is complex but predictable (within a
superior
above
inferior
below
rostral
toward the beak/nose
caudal
toward the tail
dorsal
toward the back
ventral
toward the chest
medial
toward the middle
lateral
toward the side
What are the two sets of orientation nomenclature?
neuraxis (subjective)
brain/neuroimaging (objective)
What terms does the neuraxis orientation contain?
rostral/caudal, dorsal/ventral, medial/lateral
What terms does the brain orientation contain?
superior/inferior, anterior/posterior
coronal slice
crown", looking head-on
axial/horizontal slice
parallel to feet, looking down on the head
sagittal
upright, most common is right down the middle (Sagittarius would hold his bow upright)
Talk about the phrase, "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
~the development of a single organism looks a lot like evolution as a whole
~system develops from the most basic to the most complex
~develops from caudal to rostral end (spinal cord=caudal, just sends and transmits messages)
spinal cord
caudal end of the CNS, receives sensory info from and sends motor info to limbs and trunk
spinal nerves
31 pairs that attach to the spinal cord: 1 coccygeal, 5 sacral, 5 lumbar, 12 thoracic, 8 cervical
~composed of dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) horns
~gray matter on the inside, white matter on the outside
coccygeal spinal nerve (1)
tail bone
sacral spinal nerves (5)
Foot, penile erection, and bowel and bladder
lumbar spinal nerves (5)
abdominals, hips, ejaculation, quadriceps, hamstrings-knee, foot
thoracic spinal nerves (12)
hand, intercostals (trunk), abdominals, ejaculation,
cervical spinal nerves (8)
neck muscles, diaphragm, deltoid (shoulder), wrist, triceps, fingers
What are the three divisions of the CNS?
1. hindbrain
2. midbrain
3. forebrain
What main areas does the hindbrain contain?
myelencephalon and metencephalon
What main area does the midbrain contain?
mesencephalon
What main areas does the forebrain contain?
Diencephalon and telencephalon
myelencephalon
~the most posterior division of the brain composed of tracts that carry signals between the rest of the brain and the body
~medulla-vital functions
~reticular formation- 100 tiny nuclei involved in sleep, attention, movement, and maintenance of muscle ton
metencephalon
~pons-ventral portion that has bands of nuclei, some RF, conducts information from cerebellum to cerebrum, still though, not a lot really going on here
~cerebellum-sensorimotor learning/coordination, connected by peduncles ,without it we wouldn't be able
pons
ventral portion of the metencephalon that has bands of nuclei, some RF, conducts information from cerebellum to cerebrum
cerebellum
sensorimotor learning/coordination, connected by peduncles, without it we wouldn't be able to coordinate movement
mesencephalon
~integrates sensory and motor information
~tectum (dorsal)
~tegmentum (ventral)
tectum (ventral)
inferior (auditory) and superior (visual) colliculi
tegmentum (dorsal)
~substantia nigra-black substance associated with dopamine production
~red nucleus- sensorimotor
~periaqueductal gray-gray matter around cerebral aqueduct(connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles), mediates the pain-relieving effect of opiates
diencephalon
~thalamus
~hypothalamus
~optic chiasm-crossover of visual information
~pituitary gland-hormone release
thalamus
~sensory relay, "office worker" involved in the organizing but not the processing or understanding
~one lobe on each side of the 3rd ventricle and joined by the massa intermedia
hypothalamus
autonomic, endocrine, visceral functions, regulates many motivated behaviors
telencephalon
~mediates most complex functions
~cerebral cortex
~corpus callosum
~basal ganglia
~limbic system
the 4 F's of midbrain and diencephalon--why do we need the telencephalon?
~feeding, fleeing, fighting, and fornication
~the telencephalon allows us to be social beings, planning (guide future actions), language, emotions
cerebral cortex
~mainly composed of small, unmyelinated neurons
~fissures- large furrows
~sulci- small furrows
~gyri- ridges between fissures and sulci
~longitudinal fissure- separates the hemispheres, the corpus callosum joins the two hemispheres
4 lobes of the brain
occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal
~the lobes are separated by sulci and fissues
occipital lobe
~analysis of visual input
temporal lobe
~hearing, language, complex visual patterns, memory (hippocampus)
parietal lobe
~sensorymotor integration, allows us to walk in a 3D world
~"where
frontal lobe
~motor, complex cognitive functions
gyrus, sulcus, and fissure
gyrus-bump/ridge
sulcus-valley/groove
fissure-physical divider, deeper than sulcus
longitudinal fissure
divides hemispheres
central sulcus
~separates frontal from parietal
~precentral gyrus-primary motor
~postcentral gyrus- primary somatosensory
Sylvian (lateral) fissure
separates frontal/parietal from temporal
Calcarine fissure
~on medial surface, separates occipital from parietal
corpus callosum
~main point of decussation (crossing over between hemispheres)
~runs the entire length of the border between diencephalon and telencephalon
~points n the same side are ipsliateral, points on opposite sides are contralateral
limbic system
~"border", ring of structures involved in memory and emotion
~THINK EMOTION
~mammilary bodies, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, cingulate gyrus, septum
basal ganglia
~motor planning, coordination, inhibition
~dopaminergenic system
~caudate, putamen, blobus pallidus
~receives projections from substantia nigra-- involved in Parkinson's
Which structure is involved with Parkinsons?
substantia nigra
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
~surrounds, cushions, and supports the CNS
~adds buoyancy to the brain so it weighs less
~separated into 4 ventricles that are connected by canals
What are the four ventricles of the CSF?
(~central canal)
~4th ventricle
~cerebral aqueduct
~3rd ventricle
~lateral ventricles
Central canal
spinal cord
choroid plexus
~networks of capillaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater that continuously produce CSF
~the excess from this is absorbed from subarachnoid space to dural sinuses
4th ventricle
metencephalon
cerebral aqueduct
mesencephalon
3rd ventricle
diencephalon
lateral ventricles
telencephalon
~anterior horn, body, trigone, posterior horn
barrow receptors
keep track of BP and will constrict if the BP drops too low so that blood will keep flowing in the brain
Circle of Willis
~3 major arteries that serve the brain
~if one is blocked, there are still two other ways for blood to flow
cranial nerves
~12 nerves (bundles of axons)
~only nerves that don't project from spinal cord
~sensory/motor of head/neck/face
~assessed by neurologists by simple tests
Give an example of a crainal nerve
VI- involved in pulling the eye down (used a lot in going down stairs)
XII-stick out tongue