specific learning disability
disorder in one or more of the basic psyschological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which disorder may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think,speak, read, write,spell, or do mathematical calculations
what disorders are included in learning disabilities (IDEA 2004)
perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia
what is the exclusion clause
does not include learning disabilities as a result of:-visual, hearing,or motor disabilities-mental retardation-emotional disturbance-environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage
how can you identify a learning disability
=-unexpected underachievement in one or more academic areas-severe discrepancy between expected achievement level and actual achievement level-RTI is being increasingly used in favor of the discrepancy model
what percentage of students have a learning disability
43
what percentage of learning disabled children are taught in a general education classroom
90
what are academic characteristics of students with learning disabilities
-80 % have difficulty learning to read-word recognition,spelling fluency, and comprehension-difficulty passing high stakes tests
what is decoding
identifying words accurately and fluently (includes dyslexia)
what is comprehension
using background and vocabulary knowledge to identify key elements of text
what are some reading problems children with learning disabilities might have
-Sometimes lack background knowledge-May find it difficult to infer (describe setting and moral when story does not explicitly state these)-Can't find key words to answer questions-Don't know how to skim-Feels like they have to read everything
what are some written language problems for children with disabilities
=-Handwriting -Spelling -Written expression problems-Product -process
what are some issues with handwriting
=-letter formation-spacing-WINDOW.SIZE(affects fine motor skills)
what are some issues with spelling
=-phonetic-linguistic-irregular wordsex. two, too, to
what is the difference between product and process
product is the result of the process. If the process has little revision or planning, the product will have grammatical errors and small vocal
what are some issues with math
=-Spatial organization (align numbers, reverse numbers)-Alertness to visual detail (misread signs)-procedural errors (miss step in a problem)-Shifting mindset to next problem -Difficulty forming numbers-Memory-Mathematical judgment and reasoning-Mathematical language (place value, minus)
what are the major characteristics of students with learning disabilities
=-metacognitive deficits -Difficulty monitoring thinking process-difficulties in comprehension monitoring
how are students social skills affected
-lack skills to build relationships-exhibit aggression or negative verbal behaviors-attention seeking/ disruptive behaviors-social isolation-
what are some motivational characteristics for social issues
=-Difficulty in learning-react passively to tasks-dont engage in problem solving or learning
how do you teach students with a learning disability in an inclusive classroom
=- differentiate instruction using technology-use models and instructions in different teaching techniques-provide extra help-keep expectations high-continue to grow as a teacher
teaching strategies for learning disabilities
=-correct homework and review-daily goals-present new material in small steps-allow students to practice-monitor students learning through varied exercise-review previous lessons
how can you dress social and emotional needs
=-use a behavior management system-engage students in meaningful tasks-use individualized approach-Create opportunities for social interaction-use attribution retraining
what is APA`s definition of ADHD
a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with development, and negatively impacts directly on social, academic or occupational functioning
how many behaviors must a child show in order to be diagnosed with ADHD
Students must exhibit six of the nine explicit behaviors
what are some rules to be diagnosed for ADHD by APA
-Behaviors must be exhibited frequently over 6 month period-Behaviors must be evident across two or more settings (e.g. at home, school, or work)-Hyperactive/Impulsive or inattentive behavior must be exhibited prior to age 12
what are the types of ADHD
-ADHD, predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-PI)-ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-PHI)-ADHD combined or those who exhibit inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive behaviors (ADHD-C)
what are some behaviors of ADHD
=-Fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes. -has Difficulty sustaining attention. -does Not appear to listen. -Struggles to follow through on instructions. -has Difficulty with organization. -Avoids or dislikes tasks requiring a lot of thinking. -Loses things. -is easily distracted. -is forgetful in daily activities.
what are some hyperactive and impulsive behaviors of ADHD
-Fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in chair. -Has difficulty remaining seated. -Runs about or climbs excessively in children; extreme restlessness in adults. -Difficulty engaging in activities quietly. -Acts as if driven by a motor; adults will often feel inside like they were driven by a motor. -Talks excessively. -Blurts out answers before questions have been completed. -Difficulty waiting or taking turns. -Interrupts or intrudes
impulsivity
responding without thinking
hyperactivity
more active than peers
what percentage of children have ADHD
7
what percentage of students receive medicine for ADHD
5
what is the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD)
Significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. This disability originates before age 18
what is an intellectual disability according to IDEA
significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child's educational performance
what is adaptive behavior
is the collection of conceptional, social, and practical skills that are learned and performed by people in their everyday lives
what are conceptual skills
language and literacy; money, time, and number concepts; and self-direction.
what are social skills
interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, naïveté (i.e., wariness), social problem solving, and the ability to follow rules/obey laws and to avoid being victimized.
what are practical skills
activities of daily living (personal care), occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, use of money, use of the telephone.
when does Tay Sachs disease appear
3-6 months old
what are some affects of Tay Sachs disease
=-less movement-smiling, eye contact, and actions are reduced -social skills are delayed-response and perceive are poor -head enlarges and nerve cells expand due to fatty acids
what are some more advanced effects of tay sachs disease
=-Difficulty eating -impaired motor skills-undeveloped muscles
what are the final stages of tay sachs disease
-blindness and deafness- die at 12-13 years
who are most at risk to get tay sachs disease
Jewish and Eastern European origin, French Canadians, Pennsylvania Dutches and Louisiana Cajuns.
describe the skills and dye study pt.1
two baby girls (13 to 16 months) were placed in a home with older women. Their IQ`S increased from 30-50 to the mid 90`s.
describe the skills and dye study pt.2
thirteen 1-2 year olds, all classified as mentally retarded, were taken out of an orphanage and placed with a teenage girl who was also mentally retarded. The babies received benefits and education but no individual attentions. Also had a higher IQ. 12 other subjects remained in the orphanage
what is the skills and dye study pt.3
25 years later, subjects IQ had raised by 27.5. 11 married, 4 attended college. four of the 12 children who stayed in the orphanage remained institutionalized.