The gland that controls the fight or flight reaction is the:
a. Thyroid
b. Adrenal Medulla
c. Hypophysis
d. Parathyroid
e. Pancreas
B
Growth Hormone:
a. Is also called somatostatin
b. Is regulated by humoral mechanism
c. Secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass
d. Promotes long bone growth during the formative years
D
When it becomes necessary to enlist the flight-or-fight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is _____________.
a. Estrogen
b. Epinephrine
c. Angiotensin
d. Renin
B
The major targets of GH are __________.
a. The blood vessels
b. The adrenal glands
c. The liver
d. Bones and skeletal muscles
D
Which gland or part of a gland secretes epinephrine?
a. Adrenal cortex
b. Adrenal medulla
c. Anterior pituitary
d. Posterior pituitary
e. Hypothalamus
B
Which best describes the respective effects of insulin and glucagon on blood sugar?
a. Insulin raises blood sugar; glucagon lowers it
b. Both raise blood sugar
c. Insulin lowers blood sugar; glucagon raises it
d. Both lower blood sugar
e. None of the abov
C
Hypersecretion of which of the following hormones would cause pituitary gigantism?
a. FSH
b. GH
c. PTH
d. TSH
B
ADH and oxytocin are secreted into the blood stream as active hormones by the:
a. Anterior pituitary
b. Posterior pituitary
c. Hypothalamus
d. Pineal gland
B
An essential ingredient for thyroid hormone synthesis is:
a. Zinc
b. Sodium
c. Iodine
d. Calcium
C
Insulin is primarily regulated by:
a. Metabolic rate
b. Serum glucose levels
c. Prostaglandins
d. Enzyme activation
B
ACTH release can be stimulated by:
a. High serum levels of cortisol
b. Hypotension
c. Hypoglycemia
d. Stress
D
Aldosterone secretion is regulated by:
a. The sympathetic nervous system
b. ACTH
c. The renin- Angiotensin system
d. Positive feedback control systems
C
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
a. Cortisol
b. Epinephrine
c. Androgens
d. Estrogens
B
A 45 yo male was previously diagnosed with Parkinson disease. He has impaired fine repetitive motor movements. Which of the following areas is most likely damaged?
a. Basal ganglia
b. Prefrontal area
c. Hippocampus
d. Temporal lobe
A
Graves disease is:
a. Hyperthyrodisim
b. Associated with autoimmunity
c. Manifested by opothalmopathy
d. All of the above are correct
D
Which gland sits atop each kidney:
a. Adrenal
b. Thymus
c. Pituitary
d. Pancreas
A
When the body produces antibodies against it own tissue, it is
an autoimmune response
A positive HIV antibody test signifies the:
Individual is infected with HIV and likely so for life
Immunodeficiencies occur because of impaired function of
B and T cells, Phagocytic cells, complement (All of the above are correct)
The condition in which an extra portion of a chromosome is preset in each cell is called
Partial trisomy
Risk factors for Down's syndrome include
Pregnancy in women over 35
A 13-year-old girl has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present. Her condition is called
Turner syndrome
XXY person has the genetic disorder called
Klinefelter syndrome
The outward manifestation of a disease, often influenced by both genes and the environment, is called the disease
Phenotype
A child is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. History reveals that the child's parents are siblings. Cystic fibrosis was most likely the result of:
consanguinity
A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His kayotype would reveal which of the following?
XXY
When a body produces antibodies against its own tissue, it is
an autoimmune disease
In response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will
increase in size
A 35-year-old male with a 30 year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airwary (bronchial) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells. The type of cellular a
Metaplasia
The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of
Hormonal hyperplasia
Progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe swelling and breakdown of organelles is referred to as:
Necrosis
Secondary or acquired immunodeficiencies:
develop after birth, may be caused by viral infections, may develop following immunosuppressive therapy (E. a, b, and c are correct)
A 52-year-old male suffered from a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. Once oxygen returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurred s a result of:
Free radical formation
Which of the following is an accurate description of a type I reaction?
Most type I reactions are allergic
Active acquired immunity is gained
After birth
If a person has innate resistance to a disease, the person has _____ immunity
Active
Which of the following is an example of biochemical secretions that trap and kill microorganisms?
Earwax
What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?
To prevent infection of the injured tissue
The mast cell, a major activator of inflammation initiates the inflammatory response through the process of:
Degranulation
A 20-year-old male shoots his hand with a nail gun while replacing roofing shingles. Which of the following cell types would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent infection in his hand?
Neutrophils
The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the:
Neutrophil
The end product of the clotting system is:
Fibrin
The phagocyte's role begins when the inflammatory response causes it to stick avidly to capillary walls in a process called
Margination
A twenty year old female is applying for nursing school and is required to be tested for immunity against several illnesses. Testing that looks at which of the following would be the best to determine immunity?
Titer
A twenty year old female has been diagnosed with AIDS. Laboratory resting would reveal diminished levels of:
Helper T cells
Hypersensitivity is best defined as
An excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen
If the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus, what type of immune reaction occurs?
Alloimmune
A six year old boy present with poison ivy on his extremities, face, and buttocks. This disease is an example of
Delayed hypersensitivity
A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He begins itching and develops pain, swelling, and respiratory difficulties. He is suffering from:
Anaphylaxis
The most severe consequece of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction is:
Anaphylaxis
Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions does not involve an antibody response?
Type IV
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an example of:
autoimmunity
The microorganisms that make up the normal human flora are important for:
Preventing the attachment and multiplication of pathogens
Bacterial pathogens can defend themselves from an immune response by:
Producing capsules
The hallmark symptom of most infectious disease is
Fever
Bacteria become resistant to antimicrobials by:
Mutation
A common symptom of individuals with immunodeficiency is:
Recurrent infections
A patient presents with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE). Which of the following would you expect to see in this patient?
Arthritis
Which of the following is a characteristic of human immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?
HIV is a retrovirus
A 40-year-old female is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system. Which of the following will most likely be trying to fight the antigen?
Antibodies
The immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta confers ______ immunity to the fetus:
Passive acquired
Primary intention healing:
involves collagen synthesis, requires little wound contraction, requires little wound epithelialization (E. a, b, and c are correct )
Scar tissue is:
Nonfunctional collagenous and fibrotic tissue
Which of the following is a true statement regarding sex-linked inheritance?
X-linked recessive diseases are more common than X-linked dominant diseases
Which of the following statements regarding Down Syndrome is true?
People with Down Syndrome have a distinctive facial appearance
Which of the following describes a female patient born with short stature, webbing of the neck, sparse body hair and narrowing of the aorta?
Turner Syndrome
Which of the following terms is best described by a, "decrease in workload, use, pressure, or blood supply"?
Pathologic atrophy
Reduced oxygen tension is:
Hypoxia
Which of the following statements regarding mast cells is true?
They release histamine that causes inflammation
Which of the following terms is a biochemical substance that attracts leukocytes to the site of inflammation?
Chemotactic factor
The surface barriers such as the skin or mucus membranes are breached, the second line of immunity is the:
Inflammatory response
After exposure to a specific antigen, B cells differentiate into:
plasma cells
Which of the following is a true statement regarding neutrophils?
Neutrophils enter after lymphocytes and macrophages
Which of the following is not a function of the clotting system?
Forms constant bleeding to flush out the microorganisms
Which of the following is not an action of histamine?
Relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle
Which of the following is not another name for urticaria?
Rhinitis
What is the purpose of vasodilation and incrased vascular permeability during inflammation?
to bring white blood cells to the area of injury, to transport inflammatory chemicals to the area of injury, to dilute toxins (all of the above)
5-month-old child is admitted to the hospital with recurring infections. A possible cause of this condition is
immune insufficiency
Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions involves the formation of antibodies against tissue-specific antigen?
Type II
When a person is given an attenuated antigen as a vaccine, the antigen is:
Alive, but less infectious
Graves disease is an autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies that:
stimulate the production of thyroid hormone
The process by which a cell acquires specific new observable characteristics is:
Differentiation
Preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell originate referred to as:
Cancer in situ
When a cancer cell loses differentiation ________ has occurred.
anaplasia
The best explanation for higher rates of cancer in older poplations is:
The development of cancer requires several mutations over time
In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate:
New blood vessel growth
Which of the following lymphoid organs cluster around lypmphatic veins and collect intersititial fluids?
Lymphnodes
A 45 yr old female was recently diagnosed w/ cervical cancer. She reports a sexual history that includes 43 partners. Which is the most likely cause of her cancer?
HPV
Which of the following best describes therapeutic index?
A relative effective dose needed to kill cancer w/o harming normal cells
The most important environment risk factor for cancer is exposure to:
Cigarette Smoke
A 50 year old female develops skin cancer on her head and neck following years of sun bathing which is most likely?
Basal cell carcinoma
Which of the following compounds has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination w/ smoking?
Alcohol
Which of the following is a true statement about infectious mono?
Commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
A patient develops a severe UTI. What is the predominant cell of early inflammation?
Neutrophil
The most frequently reported symptom of cancer & cancer treatment is:
Fatigue
50 yr female is suffering from anorexia, anemia, weight loss & altered metabolism resulting in malnutrition. She was previously diagnosed w/ cancer, what best describes her symptoms?
Cachexia
What is the name for the process whereby tumor cells generate their own blood supply?
Angiogensis
Individuals w/ cancer are often at risk for infections because of:
Leukopenia
What is the most significant cause of complications & death in cancer patients?
Infection
A 2 year old female fell in swimming pool & nearly drowned. She then developed acute respiratory distress syndrome what did she most likely experience?
Hypoxemia
The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the:
Neutrophil
Monocytes are blood cells that mature (differentiate) into:
Macrophages
During an an infection lymph nodes enlarge & become tender because:
Macrophages are rapidly dividing
Secretions of erythropoietin is stimulated by:
Hypoxia
Which of the following molecules is the insoluble end product of the clotting cascade?
Fibrin
1 yr female is diagnosed w/ croup. What symptom is most likely present
Resp. stride & barking cough
Newborn child is born with resp. distress syndrome what is the most important predisposing factor for this condition?
Premature birth
A 1 yr old female is diagnosed w/ croup most likely cause of this disease is:
Viral infection
The nasopharynx is lined w/ ciliated mucus membrane with a highly vascular blood supply. One function of membrane is to:
Humidify air
Air way hyperesponsiveness in asthma is related to:
Exposure to an allergen causing mast cell degranulation
A 20 yr male presents to his physician complaining of difficulty breathing when lying down this condition is referred to as:
Orthopnea
50 yr. old diabetic male did not take his medication & is now metabolic, acidosis. He is experiencing Kussmaul resp. that can be characterized by:
-Slightly increased ventilator rate, large tidal volume, & no expiratory pause
28 male complains to his physician that he has had a cold for a week & is coughing up bloody secretions. This is referred to:
Hemoptysis
Airway obstruction contribution to increased airflow -resistance & hypoventilation in asthma is caused by:
Mucous secretion, broncho constriction & airway edema
Pneumonia is caused by:
Viral or bacterial infections
30 male prison mate contracted tuberculosis during an outbreak. He can transmit this disease through:
Air born droplets
Exhaustion occurs if stress continues & _______ is not successful.
Adaptation
10 yr female is arriving @ a national spelling bee contest. Her heart starts beating faster & harder & she begins to sweat. What is she experiencing?
Anticipatory response
Individuals w/ Reynaud disease have severe symptoms under which of the following conditions?
Cold exposure
A 52 year old female is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. She would be expected to suffer from:
Myocardial ischemia
Renal calcuili may be composed of:
Calcium oxalate & uric acid