Moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. Values, rights and wrongs, principles, ideals and / or standards.
Ethics
A complex situation that often involves an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another.
Ethical dilemmas
The honoring of a social compact with the patients we serve, all other practitioners and the community at large; this honoring is a commitment to excellence in the clinical practice.
Ethical, legal, professional etiquette.
The pursuit of pleasure; sensual self indulgence.
Hedonism
_______________ for practice is the need to follow a set of principles and processes by which the people within a society settle disputes and problems without resorting to force or violence.
Legal requirements
The rejection of all religious and moral principles, often in the belief that life is meaningless.
Nihilism
Rules that require us to stay within the law in our professional conduct.
Professional ethics
The doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, are not absolute.
Relativism
A post modern method for analyzing inter-subjective disclosures.
Standpoint theory
A persons principles or standards of behavior; one's judgement of what is important in life.
Values
A particular philosophy of life or conception of the world.
Worldview
The ethics (morals and values) of medical and biological research.
Bioethics
What theory is this? *Preconventional - punishment/obedience*Conventional - please others/respect rules.*Post conventional - social contract, personal conscience.
Kohlberg's Theory
What theory is this? *Traditionalist - shaped to believe in a set of prescribed codes of action that determine how a person behaves on the job, at home and socially.
Massey's Value Cohorts
What theory is this?*Inbetweeners - a group caught between the traditional values (pre 1940's) and the highly individual values expressed after the mid- 1960's when concepts of structure and set goals were in disarray.
Massey's Value Cohorts
What theory is this?*Challengers - products of a period of wealth and power.... this group appears to take for granted and devalue the world of abundance. Challenge to authority, societal values, informal dress, and experimental lifestyle are cohorts of this group.
Massey's Value Cohorts
What theory is this?* Synthesizers - something from each value cohort. More conservative than challengers, yet more cynical and skeptical than either traditionalist or inbetweeners. They perceive a finite and perhaps shrinking world where the future may hold less for them in both qualitative and quantitative.
Massey's Value Cohorts
What theory is this?*Sensorimotor (birth - 2 yrs) - imitate others around them, object permanence, reflex to goal oriented. *Preoperational (2 - 7 yrs) - difficulty seeing things from another point of view. Same amount in different forms viewed differently. * Concrete operational (7 - 11 yrs) - able to distinguish that although the appearance of something is different, doesn't mean they are.*Formal Operational (Adolescence - adult) - Solve abstract problems in logical fashion. Thinking more scientific, developing ideas on social issues individuality.
Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
What theory is this?*Who challenged a previous theory and revealed that women make decisions on a moral basis different than men.
Carol Guilligan
The decision is based on listing the possible alternatives for an action, weighing each in regard to the amount of pleasure or utility it provides, and selecting the course of action that maximizes pleasure.
Act Utilitarianism
General goodwill or love for humanity
Agape
An action could be know to be right when it was in accordance with a rule that satisfied a principle. Not to admit expectations, command derived from principle.
Categorical imperative.
An ethical system holding that the right action is the one that maximizes some good. The right thing to do in the end is based on what is the good thing to do. One cannot know what is right without an examination of the consequences.
Consequence - oriented system (teleological perspective)
Duty-oriented ethicist feel that the basic rightness or wrongness of an act depends on its intricsic nature rather than the situation or consequences. An act is either right or wrong - cannot be both.
Deotological
Often used in ethical debates. The idea is that there is a divine being who has set down a finite series of rules that adherents claim can provide guidance to most, if not all moral decision. (The Ten Commandments).
Divine Command Ethics (deontological perspective)
The primary focus is the heart of the moral agent making the decision rather than the reasoning to a right action.
Virtue Ethics
The individual is not allowed to increase his share of happiness at the expense of another. Each person's happiness should be considered equally.
Equal consideration of interest.
Bringing about the death of a person suffering from an incurable disease or condition actively, as by administering a lethal drug, or passively, by allowing the person to die by withholding treatment.
Euthanasia
The middle point, the moderate position, the position between two extremes.
Mean
Requires that the rule bring about positive results when generalized to a variety of situations.
Principle of utility
A formulation of utilitarianism that seems to avoid the problem of exact quantification in act utilitarianism. The theory hold that an action can be deemed to be right if it confirms to a rule that has been validated by the principle of utility.
Rule utilitarianism
Utilitarian systems are referred to as teleological theory, taken from the Greek word telos, which means end. The basic concept is that the right act is that which brings about he best outcome.
Teleological
The most common form of consequence oriented reasoning. The good resides in the promotion of happiness or the greatest net increase of pleasure over pain.
Utilitarianism*Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873) are considered fathers of utilitariansim.
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are generally considered to be the fathers of one of the more important ____________ oriented systems used to make value decisions.
Teleological
The most common form of consequence-oriented reasoning is known as ________________.
Utilitarianism
The purest form of utilitarianism is ________________ utilitarianism.
Act
Deontological and teleological reasoning are two forms of reasoning. Utilitarianism is a form of _____________ reasoning.
Consequence-oriented.
For duty oriented ethicist, the consequences of an act are ______________ in determination rightness or wrongness.
Irrelevant.
The "categorical imperative" is part of _______ ethics.
Kantian
____________ ethics is a system often used in debates because it relies on moral injunctions derived from God, the scriptures, or an exemplary being.
Divine command.
The term __________ means love for humanity, general good will.
Agape
______________ literally means "good death".
Euthenesia
___________________ calculus is a system of measurement that evaluates the amount of pleasure gained and pain avoided in given situations.
Hedonic.
Humans are motivated by both needs and values; of the two ____________ appear to be the more subjective.
Values
The concept of matching historical events to value groups within society is an important element of the organizational management theory of ____________.
Morris Massey
In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, the highest point of development is ______________.
Self actualization
When individuals think about what they "ought" to do in a particular situation, they are thinking about in the world of _________________.
Values.
The hungry woman who enters the house and looks in the refrigerator is probably being motivated by ___________.
Need
Perhaps the foremost theorist in regard to value development is ___________.
Lawrence Kohlberg
____________________ challenged Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory, stating that it failed to take into consideration separate development path for females.
Carol Guilligan
In Kohlberg's theory, if a person was operating from fear of punishment in making a value decision, he would be at the ________________ stage ______________ level of development.
Preconventional morality, reward and punishment.
You are what you are, because of where you were when" is a quote that describes the value theory developed by _______________.
Morris Massey
A ________________ is a set of subjective values derived from an individual's religious background cultural heritage, and personal experiences.
Worldview
Personal self determination; the right of patients to participate in and decided questions involving their care.
Autonomy
The principle that imposes on the practitioner a duty to seek the good for patients under all circumstances.
Beneficence
The view that one can lie to a patient for his own good. It is the mechanism most often used when paternalism is advanced over patient autonomy.
Benevolent description
The principle that binds the practitioner to hold in strict confidence those things learned about a patient in the course of medical practice.
Confidentiality
Critical reflections about morality and the rational analysis of it. In some sense, ethics is a generic term for the study of how we make judgement regarding right and wrong.
Ethics
A special relationship of loyalty and responsibility formed between the patient and practitioner. The practitioner will act with scrupulous good faith and candor. The patient has the right to believe that the practitioner will maintain a higher level of accountability in regard to health care then that expected from most other relationships.
Fiduciary relationship
In order for patients to be truly autonomous, they must understand the nature of the condition, the treatment options, and the risks involved. This information forms the basis of an informed consent.
Informed consent
The basic principle that deals with fairness, just desert, and entitlements in the distribution of goods and services.
Justice
The doctrine of moral duties; quality of an action in regard to right and wrong.
Morality
The principle that imposes the duty to avoid or refrain from harming the patient. The practitioner who cannot bring about good for the patient is bound by duty to at least avoid harm.
Nonmaleficence
The belief that on should, on the basis of doing good for the patient, limit the patients' personal autonomy. In the best sense, it is a conflict between the basic principles of autonomy and beneficence.
Paternalism
Substances thought to be biologically inert that are given to patients so as to make them believe that they are getting medication. Although useful as a research practice, the clinical use of placebos creates problems in the areas of patient autonomy and the duty of truth telling.
Placebos
A doctrine, first states by St. Thomas Aquinas, that is commonly used to determine whether an action is morally defensible when it has more than one consequence, usually both favorable and ill.
Principle of double effect
A document usually created by the profession that provides guidelines for the ethical behavior of its membership. These documents are often seen as meeting the self-regulating criteria by which professions are defined.
Professional code of ethics
Each specialty in health care has a prescribed role of practice. Role fidelity is the faithful practice of the duties contained in the particular practice. Role fidelity forms the basis for the ethical system known as virtue ethics.
Role fidelity
The right of the healthcare practitioner to provide care for patients without informed consent. Gernerally, these are rare cases circumstances that involve emergency care, incompetent patients, or in which sound medical judgement dictates that the truth would be a greater harm to the patient than the overcoming of his or her personal autonomy.
Therapeutic privilege
Truth telling. The practice of health care is best served in a relationship of trust in which practitioner and patient are bound to the truth.
Veracity
_______________ is what people believe to be right and good.
Morality
The basic principle that is most closely associated with the concept of self determination is _____________.
Autonomy
The principle that is most closely related with informed consent is __________.
Autonomy
Paternalism, as practiced by clinicians, seems to be most in opposition to the basic principle of _______________.
Autonomy
_______________ is the principle that deals with the need to tell the truth.
Veracity
The obligation of practitioners to help and to promote the well being of clients falls most directly under the principle of __________ or _______________.
Beneficence, role fidelity
The principle of ___________ was developed to offer a way to examine the morality of an action when some of the foreseeable effects of that action are harmful.
Double effect
The famous admonition "if you can't do the patient good, at least avoid harm", speaks of the two important principles, of beneficence and __________.
Nonmalenficence
______________ is seen in practices such as benevolent deception, where the practitioner intentionally withholds information from the patient, based on the feeling that the information will somehow hurt the patient.
Paternalism
If the term morality is defined as what individuals believe to be right and good, __________ is a generic term that offers a way of examining and making decisions regarding appropriate actions involving the moral of life.
Ethics
A theory of morality that grounds all claims to rights in the principle of justices founded on collective choice
Contractarian theory
In matters of rights, when one person has a right, others have obligations to either refrain from hindrance or provide the required goods and services associated with the right. As an example an individuals right to autonomy creates the correlative obligation of disclosure (informed consent)
Correlative obligations
Claims that do not create obligations. An example is the duty to be compassionate and charitable. While we can sense these obligations, their time and place of performance are left to autonomous choice
Imperfect obligation
A power, privilege or immunity guaranteed under a constitution, statutes, or decisional laws
Legal rights
Rights that grow out of the nature of man and are necessary to fulfill the ends to which nature calls him, as distinguished from those that are created by law and depend upon civilized society.
Natural rights
An imagined state in which individuals make choices under a veil of ignorance, as to the natural attributes and social status of the individuals involved. In this situation no one making the choice would know what place he would play in th society; he could be a prince or a pauper. Under these conditions; all choices are made so that even the individual who is in the most disadvantaged position would be willing to accept the decision.
Original position
Claims that justify and create correlative obligations. The right to informed consent is a perfect obligation in that it creates the correlative obligations of providing appropriate information.
Perfect obligation
Rights that provide an interest or title in an object or property; a just and legal claim to hold, use, or enjoy it , or to convey or donate it, as one may please. This form of right is often called a positive right, which provides a claim to goods or services.
Recipient rights
A justified claim that demands respect.
Rights
Rights in moral philosophy and legal theory are thought of as ______ claims.
Justified claims
All rights create ________ for others to behave in a certain way, to either provide goods or services, or to refrain from interference.
Obligation
Rights are often divided into positive and negative rights. The rights outlines in the Declaration of Independence are thought to be ________ rights.
Negative
Consider the scenario of a person dying of thirst who comes to your door begging for water for yourself and the person's needs that person has a ______ or _____ right to your water.
human, natural
The statement that life in the state of nature was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish ad short" comes from the work of __________.
Thomas Hobbes
Placing the human rights statements of the Declaration of Independence into the constitution of the United States changes the justification of the rights from human reason to _______ requirement.
Legal
According to Bentham and Mill, the only basis for the justification of a right would be.
High utility
A positive right can be thought of as a _________ right or welfare right.
Recipient
The legal right found in the constitution that allows citizens to bear arms and binds others from interference is an example of a _______ right.
Negative
The fact that women were given the right to abortion by law but not allowed to receive governmental funding to pay for the procedure is an example of a ______ right.
negative
This principle requires that health care providers refrain from acts or omissions that would foreseeably result in harm to others, especially in cases in which the individuals are particularly vulnerable to the risk.
Harm principle
Legislation enacted in 1996 to encourage the use of electronic transmission of health information (to assist in cost containment) to provide new safeguards for protecting the security and confidentiality of the information.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)
Review boards that examine the protocol design for research to ensure that the research conforms to appropriate standards for humans.
Institutional Review Boards (IRB's)
The right to be left alone; the right of a person to be free from unwarranted publicity.
Right to privacy
Agencies such as insurance companies or governmental programs that are called on to pay for health care services.
Third-party payers
A review of the appropriateness of care and th various types of patient care provided within an institution. It is usually designed to ensure appropriate and cost effective care.
Utilization Review