(10th) EHAP Semester 1 Final

What were some of the negative economic and population changes of the 14th century?

A mini ice age shortened growing seasons and caused food shortages. The Black Death decimated the population. Europe experienced labor shortage and it became expensive because so many people died. Demand for produce lessened.

What was the main cause of the famines of the 14th century?

Weather patterns changed to a mini ice age, shortening growing season and rain and storms destroyed crops when they were able to be grown. There were too many people for the land to support so many people went hungry.

What is a flagellant?

people who resorted to extreme asceticism to cleanse themselves of sin and gain God's forgiveness. someone who flogged themselves publicly because they thought it would protect them from the Plague (they thought that God was using the Plague as a punishme

What was the central cause to the hundred year's war?

argument between England and France over the successor to the French throne, then another quarrel over Gascony which Edward III, king of England, was duke of, he didn't want to do homage to Philip VI, king of France, he seized Gascony and Edward declared

What was the effect of the Great schism?

Europe's loyalties became divided, the need for political support caused the popes to subordinate their policies to policies of these states. This badly damaged the Catholic Church and Christendom, financial abuses became worse: created more taxation. It

The _____ was primarily a recovery of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture

Renaissance

Define Renaissance

The cultural rebirth that occurred in Europe from roughly the fourteenth through the middle of the seventeenth centuries

Where did the wealth of the Northern Italian cities that funded the Renaissance come from?

skilled taxation, trade with other major powers, banking.

Who wrote the Book of the Courtier, a handbook of courtly manners?

Castiglione

Who were the five major city states of the Italian Renaissance?

Florence, Venice, Milan, Naples, Papal states

What agreement kept the peace between Italian city states for 40 years?

Peace of Lodi which ended almost a half-century of war and inaugurated a relatively peaceful forty-yer era in Italy

What author and text stated that a successful ruler act without scruples for the good of the state?

Niccolo Machiavelli & the Prince

What author and text stated that humans could be whatever they chose or willed?

Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man

Who was the first Italian humanist to gain knowledge of Greek?

Leonardo Bruni

What is Johannes Gutenberg best known for?

printing press

Which two Renaissance artists sculpted a likeness of David?

Donatello and Michelangelo

Who painted the ceiling of Rome's Sistine Chapel?

Michelangelo

Which European monarchs reorganized the military, expelled Jews, conquered the muslims kingdom of Granada, and filled their royal council will middle class lawyers?

Spanish monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand

What did John Wycliff criticize about the Church?

not allowing people to read the Bible themselves, in their own language

True or False: Northern Christian humanists championed the study of classical and early christians texts to reform the catholic church?

True

Who wrote Utopia?

Thomas More

Who emphasized the study of classical Roman texts in his "philosophy of Christ

Erasmus

True of False: Martin Luther believed that one could attain entry to heaven through good works alone.

False

Which religious reformer was burned at the stake in the 15th century?

John Hus, he called for a reform of the church

According to Martin Luther what was the only sure source of truth and only reliable path of faith?

the Bible

What prompted Luther's break with the Church?

the church selling indulgences (nailing of the 95 theses) (other problems he had with the Church were relics, pluralism, corruption)

What made Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire?

he was excommunicated by the church. the church was allied with the Holy Roman Emperor and therefore the emperor couldn't support someone who went against the church, he refused to recant before Charles V

How were Martin Luther's ideas spread?

wrote the bible in German and used music the spread the word, 95 theses, 3 pamphlets

What was Luther's response to the Peasants War of 1524-1525?

He did not support it, he condemned it, he supported the princes, not the peasants

Who protected Luther after he was condemned?

Frederick the wise the Elector of Saxony

What brought an end to Charles V's war with the Schmalkaldic League?

The Peace of Augsburg

What allowed the ruler of each territory to determine the religion of the area?

The Peace of Augsburg

True or False: The Anabaptists advocated adult baptism if a child was baptized as an infant.

True

What triggered the Reformation in England?

Henry VIII broke from the church because he wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragorn

What made England's break with the Catholic Church official?

The Act of Supremacy: in which Parliament completed the break of the Church of England with Rome which declared that the king was, "taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England

Bloody Mary earned her nickname by executing more than 300?

protestants

What was reaffirmed at the Council of Trent?

affirmed Scripture and tradition as equal authorities in religious matters & belief in purgatory and in the efficacy of indulgences & the supremacy of Pope

In France, what was the term for a protestant?

Huguenots

Who defeated the spanish armada at the end of the 16th century

Queen Elizabeth of England

What was the primary motive for the european exploration during the Renaissance?

God, glory, god

The religious crusading motive for exploration for was the strongest in _____ and _____

Spain, portugal

What was the man that establish the first school for mariners?

Prince Henry the Navigator

Who sailed directly from Europe to India

Vasco de Gama

Which country was the first to rely on African Slaves?

Portugal

Who is given credit for circumnavigating the globe?

Magellan

What was the result of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

divided the land west of the South American coast to Spain and the land to the east to Portugal, it also assigned the route east around the Cape of Good Hope was to be reserved for the Portuguese, while the route across the Atlantic was assigned to Spain

Which country was the major rival to Britain in india?

France

What city was the financial center of Europe during the 17th century?

Amsterdam

Who was the target of the witchcraft craze of the 16th & 17th century

older poor women, women who acted like men, unmarried older women

Where was the focus for most of the fighting of the Thirty Years' War?

Holy Roman Empire

What was the result of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648?

ensured all German states, including Calvinist ones, were free to determine their own religion. France gained parts of western Germany, part of Alsace and three other cities. Other countries gained territory also. The Holy Roman Emperor lost a lot of powe

True or False: Increased use of militias and volunteer armies was part of the military revolution after 1560?

False

True or False: Cardinal Richelieu believed that the most important roadblock to building a strong monarchy was the resistance of the nobles?

True

Define Absolutism

ultimate authority resides with king who claimed rule by divine right

Who helped Louis XIV strengthen the central role of the monarchy in domestic and foreign policy

Cardinal Mazarin

What was the Fronde?

a civil war, nobles who revolted against King Louis XIV because they were mad at the amount of power the Cardinal had.

What was the purpose of moving the French palace to Versailles?

To distract the nobles & princes if the blood and give them the notion of power and keep them away from their duties and undermining the king

What was the main reason for the wars of Louis XIV?

the increase in royal power that Louis pursued and his desire for military glory along with expanding his borders

True or False: The overall purpose of the court of Versailles was to increase the independence of the high nobility and royal princes?

False

What was the Edict of Fontainebleau?

(revoked Edict of Nantes) destroyed Huguenots' churches and closed schools. no more religious toleration

True or False: Frederick William the Great Elector built Brandenburg-Prussia into significant European power by making the General War Commissariat the bureaucratic machine of state

True

True or False: 17th century Russia depended upon serfdom

True

Which Russian ruler wanted to make his country more like the west

Peter the great

Which empire was threatening to control vienna in 1529 and 1683?

Ottoman Empire

What was the main source of tension between Parliament and James 1 of England

James espoused the divine right to rule, Parliament expressed its displeasure by with holding monies

What was the purpose of the Petition of Right?

the petition prohibited taxation without Parliament's consent, arbitrary imprisonment, the quartering of soldiers in private houses, and the declaration of martial law in peacetime.

Why did Charles 1 of England call parliament in 1640?

He needed money and troops to defend against a rebellion in Scotland

What bloodlessly removed the king from England in favor of William the Orange?

The Glorious Revolution: 7 prominent Englishmen invited William the Orange to invade England. He and his wife raised an army and invaded England. James 1 and his family fled to France

What caused the nobility of England to depose James II?

He was a devout Catholic and so was his son. He appointed more Catholics to power

True or False: The English Bill of Rights laid the foundation for a constitutional monarch?

true

Who believed that human nature was animalistic and needed a strong government to maintain order?

Thomas Hobbes

Who wrote Two Treatises of Government

John Locke

Which type of art attempted to blend the feelings of the religious reformations with classical Renaissance art?

Baroque

What subject was the key to understanding the nature of the things according to da Vinci?

math

What group believed the world was a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use math and magic to dominate nature

hermeticists

During the late middle ages, what was believed to be the center of the universe?

the earth

In which three areas was the greatest achievements in science during the 16th and 17th centuries

astronomy, mechanics, and medicine

Who is credited for the geocentric conception?

Ptolemy

Why did Copernicus support the heliocentric conception?

he thought that Ptolemy's geocentric system was too complicated and failed to accord with the observations of the heavenly bodies

Who is associated with the three laws of planetary motion?

Kepler: laws confirmed and modified the Copernican theory. They also eliminated the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic ideas

What was the purpose of Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems?

comparing the Copernican system to the Ptolemaic system, with the Copernican system won, he wrote it in Italian which spread it more quickly

Who proved that planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth?

Newton???

Who wrote Principia?

Newton

True or False: Maria Winkleman is a German Astronomer

True

Who stressed the separation of mind and matter?

Rene Descartes known as "Cartesian Duality

Which pilosophe stressed inductive reasoning?

Francis Bacon

True or False: during the 18th century, Europe experienced the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life?

True

What was John Locke's tabula rosa?

every person was born with a blank mind/slate

According to Montesquieu, what was the best form of government?

separation of powers through checks and balances

Who is best known for being critical of religious intolerance?

Voltaire

What is deism?

the belief that after God created the Universe, he stopped interfering

True or False: Adam Smith believed that government should not interfere in people's economic decisions?

True

According to The social Contract, what is the general will?

the will of the people as a whole

Enlightened Absolutism

natural rights, natural laws: carried out by enlightened rulers who had religious tolerance and freedom of speech and press, enforce the laws

What is the capital of the Enlightenment?

Paris

The Grand Tour?

young men from rich families travelled to other countries to finish their education

How do peoples attitudes towards children during the Enlightenment, how was that shown?

...

What do some historians regard as the first World War?

...

1347

Black Death
weather patterns, mini ice age, bad harvests, hunger all led to social crisis
Great famine of 1315-1317 in Northern Europe
Shift in population from country to city
Famine ? malnutrition ? weakened immune system ? more plague deaths

1517

Pope Leo X had a special jubilee to sell indulgences to finance St. Peters Basilica

1555

Peace of Augsburg
Formally acknowledged break of Catholics and Protestants
Allowed German Princes to determine their own religion

Isaac Newton:

If I have seen further than others it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants

Rene Descartes:

I think, therefore I am