problems caused by industrialization
dangerous working conditions and extreme poverty
government and business corruption
progressivism
a reform movement that arose to address many of the social problems that industrialization created
muckrakers
journalists who exposed the problem areas of society
Ida Tarbell
journalist who wrote a scathing report condeming the business practices of the Standard Oil Co in McClures Magazine
Lincoln Steffens
journalist who exposed the corruption of city governments in The Shame of the Cities
Jacob Riis
reformer who focused people's attention on the problems of the urban poor
Tenement Act
law of 1901 brought some improvement to urban life in New York
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NAACP -- formed in 1909 by a group of black and white activists to fight for civil rights for African Americans
Anti-Defamation League
ADL -- formed in 1913 to fight against anti-Semitism or hostility toward Jews
Florence Kelley
worked for laws to stop child labor and limit the hours women could work
Triangle Shirtwaist Co. Factory fire of 1911
a tragedy that claimed the lives of 146 workers. Over crowded work conditions, a lack of workplace safety laws, negligent owners and an ill prepared fire department combined to create a scene of devastation; inspired the New York legislature to pass fire
International Ladies' Garment Workers Union
ILGWU -- won a shorter workweek and higher wages when tens of thousands of members struck
Robert M. La Follette
progressive Wisconsin governor whose agenda of reforms was known as the Wisconsin Idea; pushed for direct primary elections and regulation of railroads and utilities
17th Amendment
gave voters the power to elect their US senators directly(rather than have them appointed by the state legislature) -- 1913
initiative
reform that allows voters to put a proposed law on the ballot for public approval
referendum
reform that allows citizens to place a recently passed law on the ballot, allowing voters to approve or reject the measure
recall
reform that enables citizens to remove an elected official from office by calling for a special election.
Federal Children's Bureau
opened in 1912 as a result of women working for children's health and welfare
Prohibition
movement to ban making, selling, and transporting alcoholic drinks
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
WCTU -- a national organization that led a crusade against alcohol
Frances Willard
1879-1898 the leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Carry Nation
temperance activist and evangelist who spread the message of Prohibition by smashing up saloons and making fiery speeches
18th amendment
amendment to the Constitution that outlawed the manufacturing, sale & distribution of alcoholic beverages in 1920; was unpopular and hard to enforce, repealed by 21st amendment in 1933
National Association of Colored Women
organization formed to fight against discrimination and for women's rights
15th Amendment
gave the vote to African American men but not women. It prohibited denying the right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude" in 1870
Susan B Anthony
co-founder and leader of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA)
National Woman Suffrage Association
organization that campaigned for a constitutional amendment to give women the vote; formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
Victoria Woodhull
1872 -- first woman to run for president, was supported by the NWSA
American Woman Suffrage Association
AWSA -- focused on changing laws state by state; won in several western territories and states
National American Woman Suffrage Association
a group formed by combining the NWSA and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA)
Theodore Roosevelt
progressive reformer who became president when President McKinley was shot; 1901-1909
bully pulpit
President Roosevelt's use of the White House as a powerful platform to publicize and get support for his policies
coal miners strike in Pennsylvania in 1902
coal miners wanted higher wages, shorter hours and recognition of their union; Roosevelt forced both sides to accept arbitration
arbitration
allowing a third person, who would not take sides, to act as judge and settle the dispute
Square Deal
Roosevelt's 1904 campaign slogan and framework for his entire presidency; idea that the needs of workers, business, and consumers should be balanced
Elkins Act
1903 law that forced railroads to charge the same prices to all their customers
Heburn Act
1906 law that authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to set maximum railroad rates, giving it the power to regulate other companies that were engaged in interstate commerce
Upton Sinclair
writer who wrote The Jungle about the filthy conditions in the meat packing industry
Meat Inspection Act
law that required federal inspection of meat shipped across state lines; enacted by Roosevelt to protect the consumer in 1906
Pure Food & Drug Act
law that forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of food and medicine containing harmful ingredients in 1906
John Muir
naturalist who played a pivotal role in convincing the government to protect & preserve Yosemite; believed all wilderness should be kept natural
Newland's Reclamation Act
1902 law that allowed government to create irrigation projects to make dry lands productive
Gifford Pinchot
conservationist who shared Roosevelt's view. Came up with the word conservation to describe the need to protect the country's natural environment; first head of the U.S. Forest Service
Roosevelt's achievements
Protect the workers-- mediated compromise in coal miners strike in 1902
Regulated big business -- Elkin's Act, Hepburn Act
Protect the consumer -- Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act
Environmental Conservation -- created many national monuments an
William Howard Taft
a friend and close advisor to Theodore Roosevelt, Republican elected president in 1908
Department of Labor
created by Taft to enforce labor laws
16th Amendment
gave Congress the power to levy taxes based on an individual's income in 1913; federal government did not have to apportion this money to the states
Richard Ballinger
Taft's secretary of the interior who allowed the illegal purchase of protected land in Alaska
Progressive Party
formed because Progressives no longer supported Taft;
1912, ran Roosevelt for president and Hiram W. Johnson for vice president; they lost as the Republican party was split
Hiram W. Johnson
California governor who ran with Roosevelt against Taft in 1912
Woodrow Wilson
Democratic winner of the 1912 presidential election; implemented a graduated income tax
New Freedom
Wilson's platform that called for tariff reductions, banking reform, and stronger antitrust legislation
Federal Reserve Act
law that created a central fund from which banks could borrow to prevent collapse during financial panic
Clayton Antitrust Act
prohibited companies from buying the stock of competing companies in order to form a monopoly and extended the Sherman Antitrust Act; made strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing by workers legal
Alice Paul
broke away from the NAWSA with Lucy Burns & formed the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage in 1914
Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage
formed in 1914; picketed the White House, chained themselves to railings and went on hunger strikes
19th Amendment
amendment that gave women the right to vote in 1920
Brownsville incident
unjust discharge of African American soldiers who were falsely accused of a shooting spree; not corrected until 1972