4 stages of protein biosynthesis?
-activation of individual amino acids
-initiation of synthesis
-elongation of the peptide chain
-termination of synthesis
all of the steps except the first one, occurs on the ribosome
activation of amino acids
-amino acid+ATP-->aminoacyl-AMP
-aminoacyl-AMP+tRNA-->aminoacyl-tRNA
no additional energy needed to make peptide bond but GTP is required for the ribosome to function
Fidelity of protein synthesis (aninoacyl-tRNA synthetases)
-accuracy of protein synthesis is dependent on aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, whatever is linked to the tRNA is inserted to the protein
-proofreading of tRNA charging: amino acyl tRNA synthetases have a second active site that proof reads and hydrolyzes incor
Ribosome
-half protein half RNA
-Eukaryotic is 80s, prokaryotic is 70s
-can dissociate into two ribonucleoprotein subunits (large and small)
-Eukaryotes (80s) have a 40s and 60s subunits
-Prokaryotes (70s) have a 50s and a 30s subunit
tRNA binding sites of the ribosome
Exit site: holds leaving amino acid free tRNA
Peptidyl site: binds Met-tRNA at initiation and peptide linked tRNA during elongation
Acyl site: new aminoacyl tRNA is added during elongation
Prokaryotic protein synthesis: Initiation
-the mRNA is aligned over P site when the 16s rRNA of the 30s (IF3 prevents premature assembly of the 30s and 50s subunits) subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence near 3' end
-IF2 binds GTP and N-formyl Met-tRNA, and IF1 is a stimulatory factor
-I
Prokaryotic protein synthesis: Elongation
-new tRNA binds to the A site (involves complex containing charged tRNA, EF-Tu, and GTP.....upon binding the GTP is hydroyzed and EF-Tu*GDP is released from ribosome)
-formation of a peptide bond by peptidyl transferase (rRNA may be a catalyst), the alpha
Energy input for Elongation
-2 GTPs are used by the ribosome
-energy derived from the activated aminoacyl-tRNA is used to make the peptide bond
EF-Ts
-needed to convert EF-Tu
GDP to EF-Tu
GTP
elongation factors in prokaryotes (eukaryotic homologues are in parentheses)
-EF-Tu (EF1): loads next aminoacyl-tRNA into A site
-EF-Ts: (EF1beta)recharges loading factor (EF-Tu) with GTP
-EF-G: (EF2)advances ribosome to next codon
Prokaryotic protein synthesis: Termination
-termination codons signal termination (UAA, UAG, UGA)
-RF1 recognizes UAG, UAA & RF2 recognizes UGA, UAA
-RF3 is a G protein related to EF-Tu, and it mediates interactions between RF1 and RF2
-Eukaryotes have only one release factor, eRF, and it is also
Polysomes
-look like beads on a string
-multiple ribosomes attached to mRNA
a major difference between protein synthesis between bacteria and eukaryotes
transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation can happen at the same time in bacteria but not in eukaryotes
principle behind antibiotics
differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes allow some compounds to block protein synthesis in bacteria and not in humans
streptomycin
cause misreading of mRNA
tetracyclin
binds to 30s and inhibits binding of aminoacyl-tRNA, could affect eukaryotic ribosomes but most effective against prokaryotes
chloramphenicol
inhibits peptidyl transferase activity of 50s, will also block mitochondrial protein synthesis
cycloheximide
inhibits peptidyl transferase activity of 60s
erythromycin
binds to 50s and inhibits translocation
puromycin
causes premature chain termination
new antibiotic approach
-synthetic compounds that bind at the site of interaction between small and large ribosomal subunits
Linezolid (Zyvox)
bind to the 23s RNA of large subunit and blocks 30s subunit binding, has been useful in treating multiantibiotic resistant gram positive infections, some Enterococcus strains have developed resistance via 23s rRNA mutations
Eukaryotic protein synthesis: Initiation
-eIF6 aids the disassociation of 80s to 40s and 60s, and is involved in the synthesis of 60s
-three complexes are formed
-43s complex: 40s subunit forms a complex with eIF3 and eIF4C
-mRNA complex: eIF4-mRNA complex: involves eIF4G, eIF4E which binds the
Eukaryotic initiation occurs when-->
the first AUG codon is encountered, as the ribosome moves in a 3' direction away from the 5' cap structure, scanning to the first AUG requires ATP
Regulation of eukaryotic initiation
-controlling eIF-2 availability by posphorylation at serine 52
Heme regulated inhibitor, HRI
-low levels of heme in reticulocytes activates a kinase that phosphorylates eIF2
-if HRI is deficient, it can lead to different types of anemias
Unfolded protein response
excess unfolded proteins in the ER lumen will activate PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) that will reduce rate of protein synthesis by phosphorylating eIF2
eIF2 regulation as an antiviral mechanism
-type I interferons are synthesized in response to double stranded RNA, and interaction of interferons with their receptors will lead to expression of PKR, which forms an active dimer that phosphorylates eIF2 on serine 51, resulting in attenuation of prot
Viral evasion responses to Interferon-PKR response
-inhibit PKR activation
-mask the presence of dsRNA
-dephosphorylate eIF2
viral inhibition of PKR activation
-adenovirus makes a partially dsRNA which binds PKR and blocks dimerization
-vaccinia makes a pseudo substrate for PRK, called K3L which binds to and inhibits the kinase (K3L has structural similarity to eIF2)
virus ability to mask the presence of dsRNA
-make dsRNA binding proteins that inhibit PKR activation
-done by influenza, vaccinia, herpes simplex
-some of these proteins can directly interact with PRK and prevent dimerization
viral desphorylation of eIF2
-herpes simplex protein can combine with a cellular phosphatase and remove phosphates from eIF2
Picornoviruses: RNA translation
-blocks cellular protein synthesis by removing amino terminal 1/3 of eIF4G, leads to loss of binding sites for cap and poly A tail recognition proteins, now viral message containing IRES aids 40s to exclusively translate viral mRNA
Rotavirus: RNA translation
-mRNAs are capped but not polyadenylated, virus makes the NSP3 protein that competes with PABP (poly A binding protein) for eIF4G binding, NSP3 interacts with a sequence at 3' end leading to preferential translation of viral messages
Adenovirus: RNA translation
makes a protein that is able to displace eIF4E kinase Mnk1, lack of eIF4E phosphorylation reduces the translation of capped cellular mRNAs and increases capped viral mRNAs
Encephalomyocarditis virus: RNA translation
viral protein causes the dephosphorylation of 4E-BP1 which then forms a complex with eIF4E, the sequestration of eIF4E reduces cellular translation and increases viral translation
Diptheria toxin
inhibits eukaryotic protein synthesis by catalyzing a dipthamide residue in EF-2 by modifying a histidine residue
NAD+ is used
Ricin and Abrin
plant ribosome inactivating enzymes
-RNA backbone is not broken but a single base is released and that inactivates translation, it resembles N-glycosidase activity
Puromycin
resembles 3' end of a charged tRNA, becomes linked to growing peptide chain then terminates its extension
-binds to A site, shifts to P site and releases incomplete peptide chain
-works on both prokaryotes and eukaryotes