Attitudes
are generally considered to be summary evaluative reaction of a target that include dimensions such as good/bad, harmful/beneficial and like/unlikeable
Need to evaluate
the idea that evaluating is a fundamental part of human nature and that we have a so-called
MODE Model
Views are both conscious and and unconscious
Expectancy Value
our evaluation of a target arises as the result of the beliefs we form about that target.
Meta-Cognitive Theory
past attitudes are still there
Aggression
hostile or violent behavior or attitudes toward another; readiness to attack or confront.
Types of Aggression
Physical
Verbal Assault
Indirect
Direct
Active or Passive.
Physical assault
Domestic violence
Verbal assault
harsh gossiping
Indirect aggression
destroying someone else's property
Direct aggression
mostly physical assault or any behavior that is aimed at the target person directly
Active agression
Hitting your classmate,
Passive aggression
Forgetting" to bring your classmates notes to an exam
Rape Prone cultures
These cultures in which rape is committed against women from enemy group during times of war.
They keep women away from education and making political decisions.
Executive Cognitive Processes
(prefrontal cortex) high order thinking related to reasoning, impulse control and understanding the consequences of ones behavior.
Amygdala
plays an important role in emotional learning, response to fear and other emotions and regulation of emotional reactivity.
Serotonin
(brain chemical) Serves as an inhibitory effect in the frontal part of the brain. Also serves to inhibit the firing of the Amygdala.
Behavior Genetics
Biological roots of aggression. Seeks to uncover the differences among people at a gene level that explain some trait or behavior.
Eugenics
Good genes" which involves trying to improve the genetic composition of a group by discouraging mating among those who posses a weak genes. (castration)
Desensitization
which can affect the brain function as well as interact with genetic vulnerabilities.
Frustration- agression hypothesis
people who experience other people interfering with their goals with be motivated to act aggressively.
Displaced aggression
Acting out of aggression onto a less powerful and more accessible target than the one that initially frustrated you.
Excitation transfer model
emphasizes the cognitive processes entailed when one decides whether or not to engage in an aggressive response.
neoassociationist model
proposes that an aversive event is one that result from being provoked, frustrated or exposed to loud noise, heat, crowding and so on. This generally elicits a negative arousal.
Hostile attribution bias
we tend to attribute the behaviors of others to hostile motives even when those behaviors are ambiguous.
Hostile Expectation Bias
refers to the tendency to expect others to react aggressively to conflict.
General Aggression Model (GAM)
- Develop out of experience
Influence perception at multiple levels, from basic visual
- patterns to complex behavioral sequences
- become automated with use
- contain affective states behavioral programs and beliefs
- are used to guide people's interpret
Personality Variables
Irritability
emotional susceptibility
dissipation versus rumination
Trait Aggressiveness
the tendency to engage in physical and verbal aggression, to hold hostile cognitions, and to express anger frequently.
Trait Anger
highly correlated with trait aggressiveness; the tendency to feel anger more intensely, more often and for a longer period of time than others; tendency to respond angrily when unfairly criticized or treated unjustly.
Trait Irritability
tendency to be angrier in general, and take offense to the slightest provocation as well the propensity to be offensive in the use of aggressive behavior.
Emotional susceptibility
tendency to feel distressed, inadequate and vulnerable to perceived threats; tendency to experience negative affect and become upset and defensive when confronted with personal attacks and insults.
Type A personality
feelings of inadequacy regarding self-worth these people often need to "prove" themselves.
Narcissism
inflated but vulnerable sense of self-worth; have an unstable self-esteem and are thus extremely sensitive to insults and criticism.
Cycle of violence
Minority of children who were physically abused then later physically abuse their children.
Weapons affect
the presence of a weapon can increase a person's aggressive thoughts and behavior.
Heat hypothesis
refers to the finding that unconformably hot temperatures can lead to aggressive motives and behavior.
Victims of Prejudice
Young
Poor
Obese
Elderly
Race/ethnicity
Women
Prejudice
attitudes
Discrimination
behavior
Stereotype
cognition
naturalism
a philosophical viewpoint according to which everything arises from natural properties and causes, and supernatural or spiritual explanations are excluded or discounted.
reductionism
the practice of analyzing and describing a complex phenomenon in terms of phenomena that are held to represent a simpler or more fundamental level, especially when this is said to provide a sufficient explanation.
extrinsic religiosity
religion is a means to an end, such as achieving social status security or some other personal benefit
intrinsic religiosity
religion is an end in itself. It provides a unifying and central motivating role in ones life. religion is seen as a pathway to truth.
quest orientation
this type of religious orientation includes a tendency to view religious issues as complex and to resist clear cut answers to the difficult questions.
IAT (implicit association test)
is used to asses racist and prejudice judgements