carbohydrate
elements in carbohydrate are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and functions are to produce energy
lipids
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen fuctions are to store energy for later use
protein
carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfar. fuctions are: form parts of cell membranes and make up many of the organelles in the cell
element
any substance that cannot be broken down in simplier substance.
atom
an element smallest units
compound
two or more elements combine chemically
molecule
is the smallest unit in a compound
water
chemical reactions within cells could not take place without
organic compound
contains carbon includes carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,and nucleic acids
inorganic compounds
they do not contain carbon
carbohydrate
is made up of carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen
How do cells use carbohydrates
cells use carbohydrates for sources of energy and energy storage
three examples of lipids
fats,oils,and waxes
how are lipids like carbohydrates
both contain carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen and they are both energy-rich organic compounds
what do cells store in lipids to use later
energy
proteins
fom parts of cell membranes many of the cell organelles
what small molecules make up proteins
amino acids
what do enzymes do
speed up chemical reactions
nucleic acids
very long organic molecules that contain instructions that cells need to function
what are two kinds of nucleic acids
RNA and DNA
What is selectively permeable
Some substance can pass through the cell membrane
three ways sbstances can move into and out of a cell
diffusion
osmosis
active transport
in difussion
molecules move from anarea of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
in osmosis
water molecules diffuse through a selectively permeable membrane
difussion and osmosis
two ways of moving things into and out of cells that do
NOT need energy are
How does active transport differ from passive transport
requires energy
2 ways that cell moves things by active transport
transfers protein in and out of cell
ingulf
steps of photosynthesis
sunlight strikes leaf
chlorophyll captures light energy
uses the sugar and and oxygen when it needs it
sunlight
In the process of photosynthesis , plants use the energy in ___________to make food
grass
lion
tiger
autotroph directly
heterotroph indirectly
heterotroph indirectly
2 stages in the process of photosyntesis
capturing energy in sunlight
cell uses energy to produce sugar
chlorophyll
the green pigment in chloroplast and it absorbs light energy from the sun
stomata
small openings in the upperside of the leaves
products of photosyntesis
oxygen and sugar
what is the chemical reaction of photosynnthesis
6co2 + 6h2o --------> c6h12o6 +o2
raw material of photsyntesis
carbon and water
what happens during respiration
cells break down simple food molecules such as sugars and release the energy they contain
carbohydrates
cells store energy in this form
How do cells "withdraw" energy
breaking down the carbohydrates in the process of respiration
what stage takes place in the mitochondria
second stage only
takes place in the cytoplasm
first stage only
oxygen is involved
second stage only
energy is released
first and second stages
glucose molecules are broken down
first stage
0xygen
Plants produce ____________Organism use____________
carbon dioxide
plants use ____________organisms produce______________________
fermentation
is an energy releasing process that does not require oxygen
2 types of fermentation and where each take place
alcoholic fermentation it occurs in baking and brewing
lactic acid fermentation it occurs in the muscle when you exercise