Colony
The overseas possession of another country that governs and uses it for it own purposes
Upper Canada
British colony "up" the St. Lawrence river (mostly English speaking
Lower Canada
British colony "down" the St. Lawrence river (mostly French speaking)
Royal Proclamation of 1762
A British declaration confirming Aboriginal title to the lands of the west Mississippi River
Implicit
Something that is implied and not openly expressed
Métis
A person of both Aboriginal and European descent
Loyalist
Americans who did not support the American Revolution, many of whose moved to the British colonies (stayed loyal to British)
Gentry
The upper class in Britain
Barter Economy
An economy based on trading services and products instead of using money
Clergy
People ordained for religious service
Tenant Farmer
Someone who farms land owned by someone else, keeping part of the produce as payment
Estate
A disease caused by mood, fungus, or bacteria that can kill plants
Mortgage
A tract of land often covering thousands of hectares, owned by one person
Blight
A disease caused by mold, fungus, or bacteria that can kill plants
Class system
A society in which those born into a wealthy family and advantages that others don't have
Absentee landlord
A person who owns and rents out a property but does not live in the region
Land speculators
Those who buy property at a low price but sell it for a high price (usually without spending much or their own money)
Seigneurial System
The system of landholding in New France - seigneurs were giver estates and responsibilities to settle the land and oversee its administration
Coffin ship
A death ship; disease and death were common on cargo ships used to carry passengers at this time
Steerage
The area below decks on a ship used to carry cargo
Francophone
A French-speaking person
Abolition
Putting legal end to slavery
Representative Government
A government made up of officials elected to office by the people
Responsible government
A government subject to the votes of the people (can be voted out if elected representatives fail to please a majority of the people who elected them)
Oligarchy
Rule by small group, select group of people
Deficit
Where there is more spending than income
Nationalism
Devotion to the support of ones culture and nation, sometimes resulting in the promotion of independence
Insurrection
Taking up arms against the government
Family Compact
Oligarchy in Upper Canada, mostly French
Château Clique
Oligarchy in Lower Canada, mostly English
Put the following events in the correct order: A) Upper And Lower Canada joinedB)Duham Report is issuedC) rebellions in upper Canada and lower Canada D)slavery illegal in the British empire
...
In 1825, what did most people in Upper Canada choose to live near
Wateroots and the eastern townships of Upper Canada
Upper Canada in 1820s would be best described as:
Quiet and undeveloped
Describe common traits or characteristics of most early settlers to Upper Canada
Hardworking and hopeful
What did Upper-class immigrants do when they arrived in Upper Canada
Manual labour and had to work with everyone else
What was the ruling group in Upper Canada called
Family Compact
What people made up the ruling group in Canada
Descendants of Loyalist settlers
How did the people of the family join
Difficultly and by needing land and money
Why was dissatisfaction widespread in Upper Canada
There was no available land, schools, and roads (no responsible government)
What were the clergy and crown reserves
Blocks of land set aside the elite and the Anglican Church
How much of Upper Canada's land was set aside for crown and clergy reserves
2/7ths
Why did the crown and clergy reserves cause problems
Land was unused and caused problems for people travelling and it was in a scattered block development
Who did the British government consider to be the best group to control the land of Upper Canada
Aristocrats
By 1815, who opened virtually half of the land in Upper Canada
Absentee landowners and land speculators
Where did most of the immigrants in British North America come from in early 1800's
The British isles (Great Britain) and USA
After the war of 1812, most immigrants to British North America settled where
Upper Canada
Why were immigrant ships often called "coffin ships
Disease and death were common so they carried many coffins of dead people out of the boat first when the stop at a dock
What were the living conditions on ships like for immigrants
Filthy, overcrowded, no bathrooms or good food, bs hygiene
How did BNA attract immigrants by promising?
Available land a new life
By today's standards, 19th century Canadians can be considered to be
Outdated and racist
What was the Underground Railroad? Describe how it worked
a place where black Americans escaped to Canada and BNA (network of secret trails and safe houses)
How did women view themselves in pioneer society? How did they define themselves?
They didn't view themselves as individuals but by what their husbands occupation was
How were unmarried women most often viewed in pioneer society
They were viewed as a burden to society b/c they didnt have a husband they they needed to rely on for support
What is an oligarchy?
a small select group of people who were usually rich nen that ruled (Example: chateau clique, family compact)
Who had the right to vote in pioneer society in the 1830's
rich men who could read and write and had money (white men)
Who was Robert Gourlay? what happened when he criticized the government of Upper Canada?
He was a land agent who surveyed farmers about life in Upper Canada. He made a petition demanding change.
Who was the leader reformer in Upper Canada in the 1820's and 1830's
William Lyon Mackenzie
What was a problem that existed in Lower Canada but not Upper Canada
discrimination, (chateau clique)
Who made up the Chateau clique?
british bankers and english speaking merchants
Reformers in Lower Canada were angry that the British government wanted to raise taxes on what?
land and wanted to make French-speaking people paid more.
Who made up the leaders on the reform movements in Lower Canada
Louis Papineau - patriots
What were French Lower Canadians most concerned with
British rule w//o democracy and assimilation
What happened when the British government rejected a petition from Lower Canadian reformers?
Papineau and the Patriots rebelled against the government
What led to the failure of the Rebellions of 1837 in Upper and Lower Canada?
#NAME?
What happened during the Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada?
Attempted arrest of Papineau and Patriots took over St. Denis (town) and patriots lost to st. Charles and st. Eustache -> spontaneous
What could be said (in 5 words or less) about the Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada?
poorly executed, spontaneous
what did the British government do in the aftermath of the Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada?
Arrested, punished, somewhere exiled (Bermuda triangle), excecuted
What did Lord Durham discover upon arriving in BNA in 1838?
very little support, termile and problems, not united and off on their own
What were Lord Durhams four recommendations for Upper and Lower Canada
#NAME?
Who was Lord Sydenham? What was he responsible for creating
Governor after Lord Durham -> united colonies of Upper and Lower Canada and introduced limited self governor and did it in a way that didnt upset reformers and French Canadians
Moving to Canada was often disappointing to Black Americans. True or False. Give 3 examples
True-still discrimination even though they were "free"-had to live in communities w/i communities-had no voice in government
pioneer life was harsh and difficult. True or False? Give 3 examples
True-journey was difficult when travelling to Canada-very hard to earn money-it was hard to get land
Compare and Contrast the Rebellions of 1837 in Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Identify 4 ways they were similar and 2 ways they were diff.
Similar:-both wanted democracy -both rebelled-both had land issues-oligarchy was in powerDiff: -LC had a french majority -LC = spontaneous, UP = planned-LC's rebels were Punished more severely
Describe 5 reasons that led to demands for changes in Upper and Lower Canada
1) Lack of representation/responsible government2) Discrimination against the French3) Raised taxes on land and French people paid more4) British law was forced on the French 5) Land issues
Identify the bias in Durham's report. How did his report hope to solve the language problem. Also describe Durham's attitude towards the reformers
He was biased against the French. He wanted to assimilate the French into British culture. Attitude = paternalistic (didn't want to punish them and hoped they wouldn't do it again - didn't work)
How did the French in Lower Canada view the act of Union
The act of union brought a feeling of loss and betrayal in LC b/c the French majority were being ruled by the British