Phonology
how we combine sounds
Syntax
the use of grammatical structures of language
ex. generate grammatically correct sentences
Language Disorder
individuals do not understand and/or express themselves in their native language as well as most others in their peer group (ex. autism)
Motherese Speech
the language used by adults communicating with infants, use of altered pitch, loudness, and intonation patterns
Semantics
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Pragmatics
the rule system governing how language is used
conversational code of conduct
Specific Language Impairment
difficultly with language with the absence of another problem. ex. cognitive disability hearing loss emotional disorder
also referred to as language learning disability
Joint Attention and referencing
when baby and adult both look at the same thing, referring to the item by name. both are necessary for the acquisition of language
Cognitive Disability
a condition characterized by significantly below average intelligence and limitation in daily life functions. Also referred to as intellectually disabled.
Writing
expressive not receptive develops from child's oral language and from emerging reading abilities; typically, less developed then oral skills. graphophonemeic skills- associating letters of the alphabet with speech sounds
Phonological Disorder
Impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules governing sound combinations. 50-70 percent also experience difficulties with reading, writing, spelling, and mathematics
Morphology
the smallest units of meaning in language
ex. dog vs dogs
-s changes meaning
Speech Disorder
4 types of speech disorders
Vocal disorders, Articulation disorders, fluency disorders and Nasal resonance disorder
Aphasia
is an inability to comprehend and formulate language because of dysfunction in specific brain regions
Right Hemiplegia
means that the paralysis is on one vertical half of the body a paralysis in the body occurs on the side opposite the affected part of the brain
Ischemic Stroke
a ____________ stroke develops when a blood vessel (artery) supplying blood to an area of the brain becomes blocked by a blood clot.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
when a cerebral artery burst and blood can no longer flow through it to the areas of the brain it nourishes
Wernicke's Aphasia
is a disturbance in the ability to comprehend speech. It is usually caused by a lesion on the part of the temporal lobe known as the first temporal convolution. It also referred to as receptive aphasia and fluent aphasia.
Broca's Aphasia
An impairment in the ability to produce speech voluntarily ( i.e., moving the articulators in the manner required to produce words) also known as motor aphasia, expressive aphasia, verbal apraxia, or disfluent aphasia. Usually caused by a lesion in the pa
Echolalia
Repeating what others say without communicative intent
Perseveration
Continuing to repeat a behavior to an exceptional degree
Conduction Aphasia
Which occurs in less than 10% of people with aphasias, results when there is damage to the group of fibers that connects the Broca's area to Wernicke's area and the supramarginal gyrus it can also occur when there is damage to the partietal lobe. The spon
Anomic Aphasia
is a disturbance in word finding, most likely caused by a posterior lesion in the temporal-parietal region. People with this problem have difficulty remembering the names of things even though they recognize the objects. Although most people that have thi
Global Aphasia
This is the most severe form of aphasia, and is applied to patients who can produce few recognizable words and understand little or no spoken language.
Transcortical Aphasia
is caused by damage to the cerebral cortex surrounding Broca's area or Wernicke's area. Usually occur in older people because they result from gradual deterioration of the blood supply arteries 2 types can occur, depending on where
1 Transcortical sensory
Cerebral Palsy
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Congenital Hearing Loss
present at birth
Conductive Hearing Loss
a hearing loss caused by pathology in the outer or middle ear
Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL)
a hearing loss caused by pathology in the inner ear
Mixed Hearing Loss
Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
Auditory Neuropathy
is a variety of hearing loss in which the outer hair cells within the cochlea are present and functional, but sound information is not faithfully transmitted to the auditory nerve and brain properly
Prelingual Hearing Loss
is someone who was born with a hearing loss, or whose hearing loss occurred before they began to speak.
Postlingual Hearing Loss
deafness is a deafness which develops after the acquisition of speech
Decibel
the unit of measurement for the loudness of sound
Semicircular Canals
are three semicircular, interconnected tubes located in the innermost part of each ear, the inner ear. vertigo
Oval Window
is a membrane-covered opening that leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear.
Etiology
is the study of causation, or origination
Tympanometry
is an examination used to test the condition of the middle ear and mobility of the eardrum and the conduction bones by creating variations of air pressure in the ear canal.
Presbycusis
or age-related hearing loss, is the cumulative effect of aging on hearing. It is a progressive and irreversible bilateral symmetrical age-related sensorineural hearing loss resulting from degeneration
Eustachian Tube
narrow passage leading from the pharynx to the cavity of the middle ear, permitting the equalization of pressure on each side of the eardrum
Audiogram
is a graph which gives a detailed description of your hearing ability and which can be described as a picture of your sense of hearing.
Audiometer
is a machine used for evaluating hearing acuity.
Pure Tone
the wave consists of a single frequency
Otoscopy
Examination of the ear by means of an otoscope.
Unilateral
one sided
Bilateral
two sided
Aural habilitation
Hearing loss among children and adolescents. Typically requires individualized intervention
Aural rehabilitation
helping someone that had sound but lost sound helping to regain sound
Otoxicity
is the property of being toxic to the ear. Another common cause of inner-ear damage and sensorineural hearing loss
Otosclerosis
a hereditary disorder causing progressive deafness due to overgrowth of bone in the inner ear.
Acoustic Neuroma
a benign tumor that develops on the auditory nerve causing hearing loss, loss of balance, and headaches
Cerumen
technical term for earwax
Cilia
In the inner ear, are the hair cells, which respond to fluid motion in numerous types of animals for various functions, including hearing and balance.
Meniere's Disease
A long term disorder caused by an overproduction or under absorption of endolymph, a fluid that circulates in the inner ear, resulting in a progressive hearing loss
Cranial Nerve VIII
The eighth cranial nerve is the vestibulocochlear nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve is responsible for the sense of hearing and it is also pertinent to balance, to the body position sense
ASL (American Sign Language)
the visual gestural language used as a primary mode of communication by people with a hearing loss. recognized as natural language and is the native language of deaf people and deaf culture.
SEE (Signing Exact English)
a manual communication system based on spoken english.
Yardstick Rule
Yardstick Rule" height
Yardstick Distance
Speaker to Listener Distance every 3 feet there is a 6 decibel loss of sound "Yardstick Distance" far away
Waveform
Manner in which particles of air that are perceived as sound vibrate
Hertz
Unit of measurement for the pitch of sounds. The larger the number, the higher the pitch
(loudness, quality)
Transduce
Converts energy from one form into another
Atresia
absence or abnormal narrowing of an opening or passage in the body.
Otitis Media
Ear Infection-Inflammation of the middle ear. Space between the tympanic membrane and the oval window, fills with fluid. vibration in the oval window gets weaker, can be chronic or reoccurring. Most frequently diagnosed in infants, 75% of children have by
Tinnitis
is the hearing of sound when no external sound is present. While often described as a ringing, it may also sound like a clicking, hiss or roaring.
Ossicular Discontinuity
is the hearing of sound when no external sound is present. While often described as a ringing, it may also sound like a clicking, hiss or roaring.
Loudness Recruitment
Abnormally Rapid growth of loudness with an increase in intensity, must consider when fitting for hearing aids
Acoustic Neuritis
Inflammation of the auditory nerve.
Auditory Agnosia
Disorder of the central auditory nervous system in which the person has difficulty separating figure for background noise
Brain abscesses
Walled-off cavities contains dead or dying white blood cells
Cerebral arteriosclerosis
The thicker the wall of cerebral artery, the smaller the diameter of the opening in it, hence the slower the rate of blood flow.
Functioning Hearing Loss/Psychogenic Hearing Loss
Functioning hearing loss Persons do not respond appropriately to speech or other sound but appears to be no abnormality or lesion in the ears, auditory nerve or CANS. Nonorganic, but may well be a cause that has yet to be discovered.
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)
hearing impairment resulting from exposure to high decibel sound that may exhibit as loss of a narrow range of frequencies, impaired cognitive perception of sound or other impairment, including hyperacusis or tinnitus.
Within Normal Limits (WNL)
? 10 - 15 dB: Normal hearing (children)
10-25 dB: Normal hearing for adults
16 - 25 dB: Slight loss (children)
26 - 40 dB: Mild loss
41 - 70 dB: Moderate loss
71 - 90 dB: Severe loss
91+ dB: Profound loss
Vocal Disorder
(disorders of phonation) disturbances in functioning of the larynx, mostly vocal folds/cords
-Severe cases called Aphonia
Articulation Disorders
errors to phoneme production
-sound substitution
-sound omission
-sound distortion
Fluency Disorders
disturbances in the normal flow of speech
-stuttering is the most common fluency disorder
Nasal resonance Disorder
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