What is the biological level of analysis
Concentrates on the physiological origins of many behaviours furthermore that humans should be studied as biological systems: additionally it focuses on the impact of interactions between the environment and cognition on physiology
Define and outline ethical considerations
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Define and outline localisation of function
The theory that certain areas of the brain correspond to certain functions such as behaviour and emotions. In relation to Adrian Raines experiment the localisation of impulsivity, planning, thinking and aggression to the prefrontal cortex is the primary i
What is the prefrontal cortex
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What is neurotransmission
Neurotransmission is a electrochemical process. After an action potential, neurotransmitters are released from vesicles and travel through the membrane of the axon into the synaptic cleft. They then travel over to the receptors where they wait to land. On
What is serotonin?
A neurotransmitter that is important for managing mood and appetite sleep dreaming and arousal
Draw the diagram for neurotransmission
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Define and outline the endocrine system and the function of hormones in influencing behaviour
The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep and mood among other things
What is cortisol
Cortisol is a hormones involved in the regulation of the metabolism in the cells and helps to regulate stress within the body. It is a steroid based hormone and is synthesized from cholesterol and belongs to a group of hormones called glucocorticoids. Cor
What is a hormone
chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions. There are many types of hormones that act on different parts of the body, doing different functions.
What is the declarative memory
Declarative memory ("knowing what") is memory of facts and events, and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled (or "declared"). It is sometimes called explicit memory, since it consists of information that is explicitly stored and retrie
What is neuroplasticity
The ability of the brain tissue to take on new functions or to redistribute according to environmental demands
What is the immune system
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Describe Positron Emission tomography
An imaging technique used to visualize changes in cerebral blood flow and metabolism that accompany mental activities. It involves a radioactive tracer beign injected into the patient prior to the scan. This radioactive tracer binds to substances that are
Describe fMRI
PASMA:
Produces detailed images of most internal body structures with the use of extremely powerful magnetic fields
Asked to perform a task whilst beign scanned which increases the metabolic activity in the brain invovled with carrying out that task
scann
Outline the theory of evolution
Evolutionary theory consists of several simple assumptions:
a) Within a species there is heritable variability.
b) Some variations result in more offspring's, who will themselves possess these
beneficial differences.
� Darwin's theory of natural selection
What is disgust?
An adaption serving to bias behaviour away from risks of infectious disease in general not just via the oral route
What is natural selection?
Natural selection is the theory that members of a species who have characteristics that increases their chance of survival are more likely to breed
Define and outline depression and MDD specifically
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What is a natural experiment?
When the independent variable is uncontrollable.
What is the cerebral cortex associated with?
Experiences, movement memory learning and all sensory functions
What is acetylcholinesterase important for?
Learning and memory
What is acetylcholine?
A primary neurotransmitter which nerve cells use to signal muscles or initiate or cease movement. It has been linked to memory formation.
What is the cholinergic system?
It is a parasympathetic system which means when acetylcholine levels rise the brain becomes less active and nerves are less able to fire. the system becomes less active in sleep
What does scopolamine do?
It blocks acetylcholine receptor sites
What does physiostigamine do>
Blocks cholinesterase
What does cholinesterase do?
Cleans up acetylcholine from synapse so when it is decreased acetylcholine increases.
What is testosterone?
A steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in the testes, but also in the ovaries and adrenal cortex
What is depression?
An affective continuum disorder which is characterised by feelings of sadness and a general withdrawal from people around us
What is the 5htt gene
Encodes the serotonin transporter protein and is thus active in the serotonin nerve pathways
What is a schema
Schemas are mental blueprints taht guide our behaviour and they reflect an individuals knowledge at all levels. There are five main characteristics to a schema and they are:
RREVA
Reflect an individuals experiences
Represent a persons knowledge at all lev
Evaluate the schema theory
Lots of research has supported the idea that schemas affect cognitive processes such as memeory the theory seems quite useful for understanding how people
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categorise information, interpret stories and make inferences among other things.
� Schema theory
outline an MRI scan
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Outline an EEG scan
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What is reconstructive memory
The idea that what we remember is influences by the information we were exposed to at teh time fo learnign and our relevant schematic knowledge
What is a leading question?
A leading question are questions that encouage the answer that is desired
What is teh james lange theory of emotions
Proposed that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience
Body = emotion
What is the two factor theory of emotions
emotions have two factors - physical arousal and cognitive lavel --> to experience emotion oen must be physiologically arousaed adn cognitively label the arousal
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What is flashbulb memory?
Special mechanism in the brain which is activated by events which produce high levels of emotions and surprise and which are seen as historically significant. The entire scene si printed in memory as in a flash.
Describe situational v.s dispositional factors
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Outline the social identity theory
Suggests that we are motivated to maintain our self esteem levels by:
Affiliating with attractive groups
Viewing our in-group as favourable in comparison to our out-groups
WHat is the realistic conflict theory?
When there is limited resourse then this leads to conflict, prejudice and discrimination between groups who seek that common resource
Once hostility has been aroused it is bery difficult to return to normal relations and ongoing feud can arise
What are stereotypes and social classification
a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
What are maladaptive schemata `
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Define the social learning theory
� Theory that assumes people learn behaviour through observational learning - people learn by watching models and imitating behaviour
� Four factors that must take place for this to occur:
a) Attention: person must pay attention
b) Retention: the observer
Describe the important factors of the social learning theory
Important characteristics:
� Consistency: if the model behaves in a way that is consistent that the observer will be more likely to imitate
� Liking the model: warm and friendly models are more likely to be imitated than cold uncaring models.
o Yarow et a
Define conformity
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Define compliance
Direct pressure to respond to a request
Define compliance techniques
ways in which the individual is influenced to comply with the desires and demands of others
What are cialdanis 6 factors of compliance
1. Authority - More likely when people of authority are used
2. Conformity - nice people have agreed to something, they are likely to comply with
similar requests
3. Likely - people comply with requests from people the like
4. Reciprocity: people feel the
Define culture
the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society
Define cultural dimensions
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Define emic
approach looks at behaviours that are culturally specific
Define etic
involves drawing on the notion of universal properties of cultures which share common perceptual cognitive and emotional structure
What is the fundemental attribution theory?
#NAME?
What is illusory correlation?
The perceptions of a relationship where more exists or the perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
What is the door in teh face technique
� A request that will surely be turned down.
� A second request is then made which asks less of someone.
� People are more likely to accept the second request because they feel that the
person has already covered the request in order to accommodate them
What is lowballing
An initial offer is made to a customer that is too good to be true.
� The sale person leaves leaving the customer to think about the product
� The salesperson comes back and says that he/she cant sell the product at such a
low price and comes up with a hi
What is normative social influence
Conforming in order to be liked and accepted or to fulfill other expectation
� Results in public compliance of the groups beliefs and behaviour
� Public compliance: conformity that involves publicly acting in accordance with
social pressure while privatel
What is informational social influence
Conforming because we believe that others interpretation of an ambiguous situation if more correct than ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of action
Describe minority group influence
Moscovici argued that minority group can influence a group behaviour and views
� Majority group influence often results in compliance whereas minority group influence
often results in conversation
� Je suggested that individuals may often comply with the