Which of the following is NOT part of the psychological triad?
psychological health
Which term applies to the tendency to believe that vague generalities are a good description of one's personality?
The Barnum effect
Which of these questions does personality psychology ask?
All of these
The task of an employer who attempts to identify dependable, conscientious, and hard-working job applicants is similar to the task of the ________ psychologist, who at-tempts to identify and assess individual differences.
trait
The field of personality have been criticized for ___.
containing too many independent areas of investigation
The personality paradigm that focuses on rewards and punishments is known as the ________ paradigm.
behaviorist
Most personality psychologists and researchers have focused on ____.
more specific approaches of functioning
Heidi is aggressive and extroverted." This statement describes Heidi in terms of
traits.
Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental?
I
____ can be defined as the degree to which an obtained measure represents the true level of the trait being measured.
reliability
The fact that behavior is frequently determined by multiple causes pre-sents the most significant disadvantage for ________ data.
L
Discriminant validity is established when a test
does not correlate with measures of unrelated constructs.
If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is ________.
reliable
Which of the following sampling methods affords a researcher the great-est generalizability?
selecting participants using a random telephone dialing system
Which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation?
Spearman-Brown
A case study usually entails
an in-depth assessment.
Personality assessment refers to ________.
the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion
A researcher wants to conduct a significance test for the correlation between extraversion and happiness. What is the null hypothesis in this analysis?
Extraversion is uncorrelated with happiness.
Which of the following statements best describes a social desirability response set?
A bias to pick responses that the respondent believes are expected by society
What is the best approach to test construction?
a combination of all three approaches
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and fails to find a statistically significant correlation between exercise and weight loss. However, there is a real associa-tion between exercise and weight loss in the population. What kind of error has this re
Type II
Psychologists counteract ____ by intentionally reverse-scoring some of the questionnaire items.
acquiescence
If everybody read, interpreted, and answered an item in exactly the same way, then that item ________.
would not be very useful for the assessment of individual differences
What term refers to personality inventories that are designed to measure a wide range of traits?
omnibus inventories
Which of the following does NOT describe a type of person-situation in-teraction?
People generally prefer situations that are pleasant.
A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ________.
people are inconsistent
Mischel has pointed out that personality psychologists are NOT very good at predicting
how a particular individual will behave in a specific situation.
Whenever Ling walks into a room everyone always smiles and seeks him out for conversation. He does not understand why people react to him that that way. Most likely Ling is demonstrating the idea of
evocation.
The trait approach focuses exclusively on ________.
individual differences
The idea that certain personality traits may elicit specific responses from the environment is known as ___.
evocation
According to situationists, the upper limit of personality coefficients is estimated as ________.
.30 to .40
Which of the following is assessed in the process of convergent validation?
interjudge agreement
When Andrew argues some interpretations of reality are more correct than oth-ers, he is advocating the ________ philosophical position.
realist
A good judge of personality seems to be high in ________.
communion
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the likely reasons that high-expectancy students perform better?
Teachers show an increased willingness to ignore disciplinary problems in these stu-dents.
Consider the following scenario: A person sits quietly during a classroom lecture. Which of the following represents the most likely reason that accurate judgment of extraversion might fail?
The situation doesn't allow for the display of extraversion.
Judgments other people make of your personality are known as your ________.
reputation
In making an overall judgment of your personality, which person should be most accurate?
a lifelong best friend
Sally is a strong proponent of the lexical hypothesis. Where would she likely begin her search for the essential traits of personality?
the dictionary
Research has shown that when people use words such as ________ to describe their life story, they are described by acquaintances as more intelligent.
absolutely
Factor loadings indicate the _____ between an item and a factor.
correlation
Cattell's taxonomy included _____ traits.
sixteen
A person who tends to happy and experience positive affect in life would have this combination of five factor traits:
high extraversion and low neuroticism.
More research in the past few decades has focused on this taxonomy than other taxonomies.
The five factor model
According to recent evidence, results from longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies about personality traits are ________.
only slightly different
With accumulated evidence from personality and developmental psychology we can conclude that personality ________ and ________ over the life course.
changes, is stable
When people maintain their position in a group over time, they display
rank order stability.
Allen has just begun his first professional job. Allen will most likely display an in-crease in which trait?
conscientiousness
Personality changes are typically _____ to the person and are relatively ____ over time.
internal, enduring
In the last month, Oscar learned to drive and began working at his first job. These new developments are helping him to see himself as an ________.
actor