Anatomy Exam Study Guide

Identify 5 organ systems in the arm

Muscular, Nervous, Lymphatic, Integumentary, Skeletal, Circulatory

Define X Ray

Visualize hard, bony structures and locate abnormally dense structures in the lungs

Define DSA

Digital subtraction angiography
Provides an unobstructed view of diseased blood vessels

Define PET

Positional Emission Tomography,
PET excels in observing metabolic procceses.

Define ultrasound

Employs high-frequency sound waves as its energy source

Define MRI

Allows tracking of blood flow into the brain in real time

Name the six levels of structural organization that make up the the human body from smallest to largest

Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ System Level
Organismal Level

Which two organ systems include the pancreas?

Digestive & Endocrine System

What are the necessary life functions?

Maintain boundaries, movemnet, responsiveness, metabolism, digest, reproduce

Identify the anatomical position and its importance to anatomy and physiology

Erect and palms facing forward. It helps us locate specific parts of the body from every perspective using a simple word

The spine is _________ to the breastbone

Posterior

The nose is __________ to the mouth

Superior

The brain is ___________ to the skull

Deep

The feet are __________ to the knees

Distal

Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major function of each system
Reference Pages #5-6

Integumentary: Skin
Skeletal: Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Joints
Muscular: Muscles
Nervous: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, Sensory Receptors
Endocrine: Glands & Hormones
Cardiovascular: Heart & Blood Vessels
Lymphatic: picks up fluid leaked from blood vesse

Regional Term: Cervical

Neck Region

Regional Term: Scapular

Shoulder Blade Region

Regional Term: Brachial

Arm

Regional Term: Axillary

Armpit

Regional Term: Patellar

Anterior knee

Regional Term: Popliteal

Posterior knee area

Regional Term: Occipital

Posterior surface of head or base of skull

Regional Term: Crural

Leg

Which directional terms have the same meaning?

Anterior & Ventral
Posterior & Dorsal

The _______ plane separates the anterior and posterior portions of an object

Coronal/Frontal

The _______ plan separates the superior and inferior portions of an object

Transverse

The ________ plan separates the left lateral and right lateral portions of an object at the midline

Sagittal/ Medial

The cranial cavity is within the __________ cavity

Dorsal Body Cavity

The abdominopelvic cavity is within the _________ cavity.

Ventral Body Cavity

What type of bond represents sodium and chlorine?

Ionic Bond

What would happen if acid was added to a solution with a pH of 7? What if a base was added to a solution with a pH of 7?

Go below 7; Go above 7

Identify a weak base (pH number), a weak acid.

Base: 8-14 Weak Base:8-9 Acid: 0-6 Weak Acid: 5-6

How do calculate the atomic mass of an element?

Atomic Number + Neutrons

Describe the atomic nucleus.

Central area of the atom made up of protons and neutrons

identify the parts of the cell theory

- a cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
-The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells
-According to the "principle of complementarity' the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by th

Identify the tissues associated with connective tissue

Bone, cartilage, connective tissue and blood, Adipose tissue

What tissue is referred to as fat?

Adipose Tissue

A single layer of flat cells would be best described as?

Simple Squamaous Epithelia

Which tissue transmits information from one place to another?

Nervous Tissue

What does the term hyperplasia refer to? Neoplasia?

Hyperplasia: Enlargement of body tissues and organs due to increase in cell number
Neoplasia: An abnormal cell mass that grows without control

The term cuboidal refers to which tissue type?

Epithelium

Identify the correct order of mitosis.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

The innermost serous membrane covering the outside of the heart is the?

Visceral Pericardium

What are the vital functions of the skin?

Converts modified epidermal into Cholesterol to vitamin D

Which tough protein prevents your skin from soaking up mostiure?

Keratin

Identify a homeostatic imbalance caused by skin exposure to chemicals

Contact Dermatitis

What allows a person to become "tan" from the sun?

Melanin

Identify the layers of the epidermis

Stratum Basale, Spinosum, Granuosum, Lucidum, & Corneum

Describe the papillary layer of the dermis

On the outside, produces fingerprints, contains nerve endings, located beneath the epidermis

What is the abnormal skin color from liver disorders known as?

Jaundice

How would a doctor determine the fluid lost in a burn patient?

Using the rules of nines

What is the first threat to life from 3rd degree burn?

Dehydration

What is an indication of melanoma?

Spot that contains areas of different colors

Orange skin pertains to an increased amount of?

Carotene

What happens to bones as we age?

They become calcified (brittle)

Identify the order of the ribs from superior to inferior.

True Ribs, Flase Ribs, Floating Ribs

The sternum composes of what three bones?

Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid Process

What bones make up the forearm

Radius & Ulna

What are the two most important elements stored in bones?

Calcium & Phosphorus

Identify short bones

Tarsals, carpals

Identify flat bones

Ribs & Skull Bones

Identify long bones

Femur, Tibia, Humerus, Radius

What suture is found between the parietal and temporal bone?

Squamous Suture

Which facial bone is not paired?

Vomer

The appendicular skeleton consist of what bones?

Pelvic & Limbs

The axial skeleton consist of what bones?

Skull, Vertebra, Ribs (Midline)

Bone growth that occurs due to weight lifting is?

Oppositional Osficciation

Describe a compound fracture

Broken bone ends penetrate through the skin

If a shark were to bite through your arm why would a clean bite be most important?

Ragged edges make ends of blood vessels and nerves difficult to identify and put back together

Identify movements of the arm, forearm, wrist, and fingers

Flextion, extension, abduction, adduction, and opposition

Identify the major muscles of the head.

Frontalis, Buccanator, Zygomatics, & Oculi

What is the function of the quadriceps femoris?

Knee extension

A muscle that WORKS WITH the prime mover is?

Synergist

How do we name muscles?
(Reference Notes)

Direction of the Muscle Fibers,
Relative size of the muscle,
Location of the muscle,
Number of origins,
Loaction of the muscle's origin & insertion,
Shape of the muscle,
Action of the muscle,

Identify the layers of skeletal muscle from deepest to most superficial.

Endo, Peri, Epi

What muscle promotes smiling?

Zygomatics

What TWO muscles allow you to frown or purse your lips?

Orbicularis Oris & Risorius

Which muscle is activated when crossing the legs?

Sartorius

Which facial muscle allows you to laugh?

Risorius

Why do we use terms such as biceps and triceps?

Number of Origins

Raising your head to look at the sky would be an example of?

Hyperextension

Which muscle allows you to shrug your shoulders?

Trapezius

If someone were to place something in your hand, your hand would be considered in what position?

Supinated

When sitting in a chair standing up allows your thighs to _________ and legs to __________

Extend; extend

What does the CNS refer to?

Central Nervous System; Brain and spinal cord

Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the?

Cerebellum

Which nerve contains the sensory fibers involved in hearing?

Cranial XIII (8)

Identify the sequences of connective tissue sheaths from outermost to innermost layer

Epineuron, Perineuron, Endoneuron

What is a stroke also known as

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Which lobe is the primary motor area and enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements?

Frontal

The part of the brain which deals with speech is?

Broca's Area

Identify the correct sequence in a typical reflex arch

Receptor, afferent, integration center, efferent, effector

Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles in the CNS are?

Somatic Sensory

When stepping on a sharp object, what part of the nervous system received the stimulus

Receptor