Nervous system
The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit signals between different parts of its body. In most animals the nervous system consists of two parts, cen
neurons
A neuron (/?nj??r?n/ NEWR-on; also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. Chemical signaling occurs via synapses, specialized connections with othe
nerves
...A nerve, is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (the long, slender projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system. A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons. In t
field of neuroscience
...
4) What is the field of neuroscience? (p.38)
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system.[1] Traditionally, neuroscience has been seen as a branch of biology. However, it is currently an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with
dendrite
Dendrites (from Greek ??????? d�ndron, "tree") are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project. Electri
axon
...An axon (also known as a nerve fiber) is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch a
soma
nucleus heart of neuron
gial cell
... pronounced in English as either /??li??/ or /??la??/), are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain, and for neurons in other parts of the nervous system such as in the auto
myelin sheath
...Myelin is a dielectric (electrically insulating) material that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Myelin is an outgrowth of a type of glial cell.
cells in brain are neurons
... * Sensory neurons or Bipolar neurons carry messages from the body's sense receptors (eyes, ears, etc.) to the CNS. These neurons have two processes. Sensory neuron account for 0.9% of all neurons. (Examples are retinal cells, olfactory epithelium cell
axon terminals
...Axon terminals are distal terminations of the branches of an axon. An axon nerve fiber is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses (called "action potentials") away from the neuron's cell body, or soma, i
synaptic knobs
...In a neuron, synaptic vesicles (or neurotransmitter vesicles) store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse. The release is regulated by a voltage-dependent calcium channel. Vesicles are essential for propagating nerve impulses betwe
terminal buttons
he terminal buttons are located at the end of the neuron and are responsible for sending the signal on to other neurons. At the end of the terminal button is a gap known as a synapse. Neurotransmitters are used to carry the signal across the synapse to ot
Neurotransmitters
...
synapse
...The synapse is located at the end of each axonal end branch. Here the end branch forms a small button-like knob (sn). This knob is adjacent to a tiny cleft or synapse (s). When a nerve impulse reaches this knob, a drug called a neurotransmitter is rele
receptor
...In the field of biochemistry, a receptor is a molecule most often found on the surface of a cell, which receives chemical signals originating externally from the cell. Through binding to a receptor, these signals direct a cell to do something�for examp
deep lesioning
...deep lesioning is when a small target area in destroyed in the brain's interior. The appeal though of deep lesioning is that it can serve as a remedy for very specific disorders.
EEG
...Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain.[2] In clinical contexts, EEG refers to the recording of the brai
CT Scan
...can be used for medical imaging and industrial imaging methods employing tomography created by computer processing.[1] Digital geometry processing is used to generate a three-dimensional image of the inside of an object from a large series of two-dimen
mri
...is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structures. MRI makes use of the property of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to image nuclei of atoms inside the body.
An MRI machine uses a powerful magnetic field to ali
fmri
...is an MRI procedure that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow.[1] The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast,[2] discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and bod
medulla
...he medulla oblongata is the lower half of the brainstem. In discussions of neurology and similar contexts where no ambiguity will result, it is often referred to as simply the medulla. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomot
pons
..The pons is a structure located on the brain stem, named after the Latin word for "bridge" or the 16th-century Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio (pons Varolii).[1] It is superior to the medulla oblongata, inferior to the midbrain, and ventr
reticular formation
...
The reticular formation is a part of the brain that is involved in actions such as awaking/sleeping cycle, and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli.[1] It is essential for governing some of the basic functions of hi
Cerebellum
.he cerebellum (Latin for little brain) is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses,[1] but its m
Thalamus
...The thalamus (from Greek ??????? = inner chamber)[1] is a midline symmetrical structure within the brains of vertebrates including humans, situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. Its function includes relaying sensory and motor signals to th
Hypothamlamus
...The hypothalamus (from Greek ??? = under and ??????? = room, chamber) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to
hippocampus
...The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans
Amygalda
...The amygdalae (/??m??d?li?/; singular: amygdala; also corpus amygdaloideum; Latin, from Greek ????????, amygdal?, 'almond', 'tonsil',[1] listed in the Gray's Anatomy textbook as the nucleus amygdal�) are almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep with
Henry Moi son
... Henry Gustav Molaison (February 26, 1926 - December 2, 2008), known as H.M., was an American memory disorder patient whose hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and amygdala were surgically removed in an attempt to cure his epilepsy. He was widely studi
Implicit memory
.Implicit memory is a type of memory in which previous experiences aid in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.[1] Evidence for implicit memory arises in priming, a process whereby subjects show improved perf
Explicit memory
...Explicit memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information. People use explicit memory throughout the day, such as remembering the time of an appointment or recollecting an event from years ago.
Explicit memory i
Cerebral cortex
...The cerebral cortex is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. Another name for cerebral cortex is the Gray Matter. This is the gray area of the brain hence the name. This is caused by the nerves that lack ins
Cortex Wrinkled
...At the beginning of your lecture on the structure and function of the brain, ask students to explain why the cerebral cortex is wrinkled. There are always a few students who correctly answer that the wrinkled appearance of the cerebral cortex allows it
cerebral hemisphere
...cerebral hemisphere is one of the two regions of the vertebrate brain that are delineated by the median plane, (medial longitudinal fissure). The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each of these hemis
corpus callosum
...The corpus callosum (Latin: tough body), also known as the colossal commissure, is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facil
frontal lobe
..The frontal lobe is located at the front of the brain and is associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language. At the back of the frontal lobe, near the central sulcus, lies the motor cortex. This area of the brai
parietal lobe
... * The parietal lobe is located in the middle section of the brain and is associated with processing tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain. A portion of the brain known as the somatosensory cortex is located in this lobe and is
occipital lobe
... * The occipital lobe is located at the back portion of the brain and is associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information. The primary visual cortex, which receives and interprets information from the retinas of the eyes, is located in the o
temporal lobe
.. * The temporal lobe is located on the bottom section of the brain. This lobe is also the location of the primary auditory cortex, which is important for interpreting sounds and the language we hear. The hippocampus is also located in the temporal lobe,
Broca's area
...The production of language has been linked to the Broca's area since Pierre Paul Broca reported impairments in two patients. They had lost the ability to speak after injury to the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the brain.[2] Since then, the approx
Wernickes area
...Wernicke's area ("Wernicke" English pronunciation: /?v??rn?k?/ or /?v??rn?ki/; German: [?v??n?k?]) is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked since the late nineteenth century to speech (the other is Broca's area). It is involved in the unde
fluent aphasia
...Receptive aphasia, also known as Wernicke's aphasia, fluent aphasia, or sensory aphasia, is a type of aphasia traditionally associated with neurological damage to Wernicke's area in the brain,[1] (Brodmann area 22, in the posterior part of the superior
nonfluent aphasia
...rogressive nonfluent aphasia is one of three clinical syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. The major symptom is progressive difficulties with the production of speech.
*
The main clinical features are progressive difficulties wi
tonal agnosia
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unilateral spatial neglect
..Hemispatial neglect, also called hemiagnosia, hemineglect, unilateral neglect, spatial neglect, unilateral visual inattention,[1] hemi-inattention [1] or neglect syndrome is a neuropsychological condition in which, after damage to one hemisphere of the
phantom LImb symdrome
...A phantom limb is the sensation that an amputated or missing limb (even an organ, like the appendix) is still attached to the body and is moving appropriately with other body parts.[1][2][3] Approximately 60 to 80% of individuals with an amputation exp
Dr.V.S Ramachandran explanation
...When an arm or leg is amputated, patients continue to feel vividly the presence of the missing limb as a "phantom limb". Building on earlier work by Ronald Melzack (McGill University) and Timothy Pons (NIMH), Ramachandran theorized that there was a lin
split brain procedure
...23) What is a split-brain procedure? What unusual things do these patients do? (p. 63)
Split-brain is a lay term to describe the result when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree. It is an association
Unusal things patients do with split brain
...A patient with a split brain, when shown an image in his or her left visual field (the left half of what both eyes take in, see optic tract), will be unable to vocally name what he or she has seen. This is because the speech-control center is in the le
HM unable to do after surgery
M's general condition has been described as heavy anterograde amnesia, as well as temporally graded retrograde amnesia (Smith & Kosslyn, 2007). HM was unable to form new long-term memories of new events or new semantic knowledge - he basically lived in th
cut corpos callosum
The corpus callosum is a band of nerve fibers located deep in the brain that connects the two halves (hemispheres) of the brain. It helps the hemispheres share information, but it also contributes to the spread of seizure impulses from one side of the bra