What is the general concept of a "token test"?
A test of sentence-level auditory comprehension involving imperative sentences with increasing complexity directing the patient to touch or manipulate a set of tokens
During single-word reading comprehension tests, patients with _________ tend to choose a foil that is visually similar to the test stimulus.
Compromised visual processing
Which standardized aphasia test was one of the first to emphasize the importance of qualitative scoring of responses rather than simply counting errors?
Minnesota Test for Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia (MTDDA)
Which standardized aphasia test allows the clinician to not only determine the presence of aphasia in a client but also the type of aphasia?
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
How language is used and how ideas and intentions are communicated in social contexts is known as?
Language Pragmatics
Baselines and ceilings are used in standardized tests to shorten testing time and avoid administering tests that are too difficult or too easy for the client?
True
Picture vocabulary tests are not valid tests of single-word comprehension for adults with brain injury because they contain words that are not commonly used in daily life.
TRUE
Sentence comprehension is typically tested by asking patients to perform gestural or manipulative responses to spoken instructions or yes-no questions.
TRUE
What is the medical term for death of brain tissue caused by loss of blood supply?
Infarct
What term is used for the "phenomenon where brain function is disrupted in regions remote from the site of injury but connected to it by neuronal pathways?
Diaschisis
What are paraphasias?
The substitution of one word for another and/or the substitution or transposition of sounds in words.
A pouch that is formed in weakened arterial walls, that are a source of cerebral hemorrhages are called:
Aneurysms
Aphasias caused by hemorrhagic strokes are almost always caused by intracerebral hemorrhages.
True
What is responsible for the communication between Broca's area and Wernicke's area?
Arcuate fasciculus
What two types of aphasia occurs when the pathways connecting the perisylvian region with other regions of the brain are affected.
Transcortical motor aphasia and mixed transcortical aphasia
What is the motor speech area that is responsible for planning and organizing speech movements?
Broca's Area
A patient that shows impaired ability to comprehend simple spoken or written materials, has semantic and short term memory impairments, and exhibits trouble with recall of verbal materials will most likely be diagnosed with _____________.
Wernicke's Aphasia
Which of the following is a standardized aphasia test?
All of the above are aphasia tests
Increasing sentence length may facilitate brain-injured adult's comprehension if the increased length also adds redundancy
True
All of the following are types of cohesive ties except
Salience
The Reading Comprehension Battery for Aphasia is an appropriate screening test for patients with mild reading impairments.
False
Many variables affecting sentence comprehension also affect comprehension of discourse in brain injured adults. What are two of the most important variables affecting discourse in brain injured adults?
Salience and Directness
In test of confrontation naming, brain injured patients name pictures, drawings and objects. Tests of responsive naming differ in that the patient gives one-word answers to questions.
False
Which variables affect the ease in which brain-injured adults can retrieve and produce words when given a naming test?
Length and phonologic complexity
Semantic characteristics
Frequency of occurrence
(all of the above)
Which variables may affect brain-injured adults' single-word comprehension
Frequency of Occurrence
Fidelity
Frequency of occurrence
(all of the above)
TRUE or FALSE: Most versions of a token test replace the shape of a rectangle with a square because of the greater frequency of the word "square" in the English language.
True
TRUE or FALSE: Success in an oral reading requires the patient to comprehend what is being read
False, only testing oral reading
Comprehensive language tests measures a patient's communication performance in:
Vision
Audition
Speech
Writing
Gesture
(All of the Above)
TRUE or FALSE: Passage Dependency is a term coined by Tuiman to reflect the extent to which readers must rely on information from printed texts to answer test questions correctly.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Most standardized reading test for normal adults and children do not require written answers to test items but allow the test-taker to check off, circle, or underline their choice from an array of possible multiple-choice answers.
TRUE
Which of the following variables does NOT affect the ease with which brain-injured adults can retrieve and produce words in tests of naming:
Frequency of occurrence
Semantic characteristics
Length complexity
phonological complexity
(all of the above affect this)
TRUE or FALSE: Comprehensive language tests provide a general sense of an individual's speech, auditory comprehension, reading, and writing.
TRUE
Language pragmatics includes:
Speech acts
Conversational behaviors
Social Behaviors
Conversational rules and conventions
(all of the above)
TRUE or FALSE: Increasing sentence length may facilitate brain-injured adults' comprehension if the increased length also adds redundancy.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Hemorrhages that occur in the brainstem, basal ganglia, or cerebellum rarely, directly cause aphasia.
TRUE
What is the type of aphasia that causes patients to write at a slanted angle, with letter omission, and in non-cursive penmanship?
Broca's aphasia
This aphasia syndrome, located in the posterior superior temporal lobe, is characterized by poor comprehension, poor short term memory and recall, and fluent speech littered with paraphasias and neologisms.
Wernicke's aphasia
What type of aphasia is caused by damage to association fiber tracts?
Conduction aphasia
Transcortical motor aphasia
Transcortical sensory aphasia
(All of the above)
TRUE or FALSE: Ischemic stroke occurs when an artery is blocked and part of the brain loses its blood supply.
TRUE
The most common cause of aphasia in adults is:
Stroke
TRUE or FALSE: Wernicke's area and Broca's area are thought to be connected by a brand of nerve fibers called arcuate fasciculus.
True
_____ is when a patient fails to recognize familiar stimuli in a sensory modality even though basic perception in that modality is preserved
Agnosia
This type of nonfluent aphasia is characterized by a large lesion in the perisylvian zone and severe impairments in all functions of language including verbal paraphasia, poor word retrieval, poor repetition, and poor comprehension.
Global
What are the 2 primary input modalities?
Vision and Audition
True or False: There are many freestanding tests of brain-injured adults' reading comprehension.
False
True / False: Single word comprehension of brain-injured adults is not strongly affected by whether items in stimulus arrays are real objects, drawings, or pictures.
True
When assessing language, yes-no questions may test which of the following?
Perception of surroundings
General knowledge
Personal information
Knowledge learned in school
(All of the above)
There is NO universal list of component skills for reading. TRUE/FALSE
True
Story Retell Procedure (SRP) provides a valid, reliable, and sensitive tool for assessing what part of language
Connected language
Rate at which clinicians administer sentences in sentence comprehension tests can have clinical consequences in testing outcomes. TRUE/FALSE
True
Questions that can be answered without reading the related text are said to be
Passage independent
Aphasias caused by hemorrhagic stroke are almost always by extracerebral hemorrhages.
False
Which type of stroke has the characteristics of quick/ severe symptoms?
Embolic
________ is the 3rd leading cause of death in the United States
Stroke
Aphasia may be caused by...
Stroke
Infection
Nutritional deficiency
(All of the above)
Which one is not a common symptom of a stroke?
Abrupt burst of energy and increased muscle tension
Successful performance during a limb apraxia test requires functional adequacy of which brain region(s)?
Wernicke's area (where meaning of examiner's request is deduced)
Lower parietal lobe (through which information from Wernicke's area is relayed to)
Premotor cortex (sets up a motor plan to be executed)
Motor cortex
(All of the above)
Apraxia of speech is characterized by variable articulatory errors and trial-and-error articulatory groping in a context of slow and effortful speech.
True
Broca's Aphasia and Global Aphasia are both examples of fluent aphasia.
False
Which of the following is NOT a condition that must be met for process-oriented treatment for aphasia:
Patients with irreversible aphasia are included.
Though the emphasis in treatment has shifted from efficacy to effectiveness, most existing studies of aphasia treatment are efficacy studies.
True
Delaying or eliminating counseling, education, and support during the first weeks after the patient becomes aphasic will not have important and irreversible negative effects on the patient and the patient's family.
False
Those with ______ global aphasia evolve to less severe forms with the first week or so after onset. Those with ______ global aphasia slowly evolve over months or years to less severe forms of aphasia. Those with ______ global aphasia experience profound c
Acute, evolving, chronic
Which of the following is NOT a message delivery technique that impacts the auditory comprehension ability in persons with aphasia:
Use of syntax
Treatment to improve comprehension of spoken sentences typically consists of drills in which patients answer questions, follow directions, or verify the meaning of sentences.
True.
In the treatment of discourse comprehension, what are four ways in which you may manipulate the stimulus:
Familiarity, length, redundancy, speech rate
What is a "literacy history"?
A comprehensive look of how much reading the patient did before becoming aphasic and reading topics of special interest to the patient to give the clinician a sense of the patient's level of reading competence before the onset of aphasia.
What is the medical term for death of brain tissue caused by loss of blood supply?
Infarct
What term is used for the "phenomenon where brain function is disrupted in regions remote from the site of injury but connected to it by neuronal pathways"?
Diaschisis
What are paraphasias?
The substitution of one word for another and/or the substitution or transposition of sounds in words.
A pouch that is a source of cerebral hemorrhages and is formed in weakened arterial walls is called:
Aneurysm
Aphasias caused by hemorrhagic strokes are almost always caused by intracerebral hemorrhages.
True
What is responsible for the communication between Broca's area and Wernicke's area?
Arcuate fasciculus
What is the motor speech area that is responsible for planning and organizing speech movements?
Broca's Area
A patient that shows impaired ability to comprehend simple spoken or written materials, has semantic and short term memory impairments, and exhibits trouble with recall of verbal materials will most likely be diagnosed with _____________.
Wernicke's Aphasia
Where do most cerebral thromboses affecting the brain occur?
Internal Carotid Arteries
Vertebral Arteries
Basilar Artery
(All of the above)
Hemorrhagic strokes destroy white matter while Ischemic strokes do not destroy white matter.
False
Someone with Broca's aphasia may have difficulty:
Planning speech movements
Organizing speech movements
(Both A and B)
Which of the following is not an alias of Wernicke's Aphasia?
Motor Aphasia
A Defining characteristic of Transcortical Motor Aphasia is echolalia
False
Aneurysms are pouches formed in weakened arterial walls and are a common source of cerebral hemorrhages.
True
Permanent damage of the ____________ (area) in adult brains almost always causes language impairment.
Perisylvian region in the left hemisphere
An Ischemic stroke is caused by?
An obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain
True/False: Asking patients to point to their body parts or to objects in the environment is a good way to assess the patient's comprehension of single words and spoken directions.
True
Which error is the most common for patients with aphasia?
Semantic confusions (mother for father)
What is the most useful measure for classifying aphasia patients on the basis of their speech production?
Fluency
The two most influential variables that may affect comprehension of spoken discourse are....
Salience and Directness
True or False: In oral reading tests for people with aphasia, success in oral reading does not require comprehension of what is read.
True
Which of the following is NOT a standardized aphasia test?
Minnesota Test for Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia
Porch Index of Communicative Ability
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
(All of the above are Standardized Aphasia Tests)
What denotes the relationships among semantic units in discourse that are created by linguistic devices called cohesive ties?
Cohesion
True/false. Language pragmatics denotes how language is used and how ideas and intentions are communicated in social contexts.
True
Which is not a characteristic of hypoperfusion?
Considered a stroke
What do ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes have in common?
Caused by a reduction in oxygen to the brain
This type of non-fluent aphasia is also known as expressive aphasia, motor aphasia, or anterior aphasia. It is caused by damage in the posterior inferior region of the frontal lobe in the language-dominant hemisphere. Patients with this type often omit fu
Broca's Aphasia
What type of aphasia is characterized by impaired comprehension of spoken or printed verbal materials and caused by damage to the temporal lobe?
Wernicke's Aphasia
__________ destroy white matter (nerve fiber tracts), but _________ do not destroy white matter (nerve fiber tracts).
Ischemic strokes; hemorrhagic strokes
True or False: Patients with visual agnosia are still able to recognize people/objects even though can't recognize them visually.
True
What is a Callosal Disconnection Syndrome?
A disorder that appears when nerve fiber tracts connecting the brain hemispheres are damaged or destroyed
__________ strokes occur when an artery is blocked and part of the brain loses its blood supply.
Ischemic
This test for aphasia takes the longest to administer, averaging 2 hours. It measures a patient's performance across a wide range of tasks and can be used both as an initial evaluation and to test change over time.
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
Which variable DOES NOT affect single-word comprehension in adults with brain trauma?
The ability to answer yes or no
Which variables affect the ease with which brain-injured adults can retrieve and produce words in tests of naming?
Semantic characteristics
Length and phonology complexity
Frequency of occurrence
(all of the above)
True or False? When assessing client's with limb apraxia, clinicians should be aware that pointing may be difficult and client's may score poorly.
True
A patient has difficulty naming "cup", "plate" and "knife" in isolation during a test. Later that day the patient has no problem naming these items during lunch time. What variable most likely accounts for this?
Context
True or False? Other than taking them longer to comprehend the sentences and making more errors, brain injured adults exhibit different patterns of difficulty across syntax types as do non-brain-injured adults.
FALSE: they exhibit the same pattern of difficulty.
TRUE or False? The form of stimuli to be named (drawings, photographs, real objects) has little effect on most brain-injured adults' naming performance.
TRUE
Which variables affect the difficulty of sentence comprehension tests for brain-injured adults:
Length and syntactic complexity
Reversibility and plausibility
Personal relevance
Semantic relationships
Rate
(all of the above)
When using the "treat to test approach" it is important to choose tasks in which the patient's performance was completely erroneous on the test, in order to challenge the patient.
False
This reading impairment sometimes accompanies aphasia and is characterized by the loss or impairment in direct (lexical) route and therefore depend on the indirect (phonological) route. This requires the patient to use letter-by-letter decoding to deduce
Surface Dyslexia
Which type of patient with aphasia is not a good candidate for process-oriented treatment?
Those who are too ill or weak
Those who are too severely aphasic
Those who elect not to participate in treatment
(all of the above)
True or False: Individuals who are globally aphasic at 1 month or more after onset are likely to remain globally aphasic for the rest of their lives.
True
True or false: Production of spoken messages and production of written messages use different cognitive processes.
False: they use many of the same ones. Writing resembles speech
True or False: Therapy using conversation coaches to focus on conversation partners of PWA has been thoroughly tested and is an evidence-based practice.
False
Task-switching drills are helpful to PWAs who have problems with:
Change in topic
Change in speaker
hanges in conversational roles
(all of the above)
Following the onset of aphasia, the goal of the Speech Language Pathologist in the first few weeks is to:
Help patients and families prepare for participation in normal life
Provide strategies for dealing with communication breakdown and emotional instability
Brookshire is an advocate for functional and social approaches to aphasia intervention because
Functional and social approaches acknowledge that aphasia has lifetime consequences for people with aphasia and their families and empowering the person with aphasia to reestablish personal autonomy and a sense of well-being are important intervention goa
According to the treatment program titled Clinician Controlled Auditory Stimulation for Adults, which of the following message delivery techniques influence the auditory comprehension of people with aphasia?
Rate of speaking
Pause insertion
iving the person extra time to respond
The length of the information presented by the speaker
(all the above)
Functional social intervention approaches involve
Guiding the PWA and his or her significant others to understand how to best support each other and communicate with each other
PWA who have surface dyslexia are encouraged to use ________ to find word problems, and PWA who have deep dyslexia are encouraged to use ________ to find word problems.
Phonological analysis; whole word recognition
Which of the following is NOT one of the Nine Principles of Social Approaches to Aphasia?
Intervention should only include quantitative measures.
True/false. In the treat to the test approach, treatment tasks resemble the tests used to measure the patient's impairments
True
True/False. The treat underlying processes approach does not focus on cognitive processes that underlie several communicative skills.
False
Scripts are mental representations of familiar situations (i.e., ordering at a restaurant) that may contribute to ______ comprehension processes.
Top-down
Which of these options is the most efficacious in treatment of patients with aphasia?
Early intervention
ersons with global aphasia often have unreliable yes-no responses.
True
The process by which readers relate a writer's intended meanings to their own knowledge and experience is called:
Semantic mapping
In the treatment program Clinician Controlled Auditory Stimulation for Aphasic Adults what message delivery technique is defined by "The use of words such as "ready," "listen," or "point to the rule?
Alerting signals
The primary way in which readers deduce relationships among words is known as?
Syntactic Analysis
It is common for treatment of writing impaired aphasic patients to focus solely on writing.
False
The Life Participation Approach to Aphasia (LPAA) is a treatment approach that solely focuses on improving standardized test scores.
FALSE
In persons with aphasia (PWA), writing resembles his/her _____________.
Speaking
The prototypical treatment for impaired single-word comprehension is a pointing drill.
True
Which of the following is a process in which readers relate a writer's intended meanings to their own knowledge and experience?
Semantic Mapping
Who found that prestimulating with semantically related words worsened aphasic adult's word retrieval?
Podraza
Darley
What is connected speech made in response to requests such as, "Tell me how you make scrambled eggs"?
Procedural Discourse
Sentence completion tasks using highly constrained sentences, containing word combinations that are common in daily life (e.g., a cup of _____) are the strongest facilitators of volitional speech.
True
Life participation groups have a goal to help PWAs and others restore the person's participation in society
True
Which is an example of a question you would ask to assess procedural discourse?
How do you cook scrambled eggs?
Studies have shown that specific treatment procedures provide meaningful changes in targeted skills and patients can obtain generalization of these changes in their daily life.
True
Permanent damage of the ____________ (area) in adult brains almost always causes language impairment.
Perisylvian region in the left hemisphere
An Ischemic stroke is caused by...
An obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain
Aphasias caused by hemorrhagic stroke are almost always by extracerebral hemorrhages.
False - They are caused by intracerebral Hemorrhage
Which type of stroke has the characteristics of quick/ severe symptoms?
Embolic - artery occluded by material moving with the blood.
Thrombotic - artery occluded by a plug of material accumulating in a fixed location.
Hemorragic
________ is the 3rd leading cause of death in the United States
Stroke
Aphasia may be caused by...
Stroke
Infection
Nutritional deficiency
(all of the above)
Which one is not a common symptom of a stroke?
Abrupt burst of energy and increased muscle tension
Successful performance during a limb apraxia test requires functional adequacy of which brain region(s)?
Wernicke's area (where meaning of examiner's request is deduced)
Lower parietal lobe (through which information from Wernicke's area is relayed to)
Premotor cortex (sets up a motor plan to be executed)
Motor cortex
Apraxia of speech is characterized by variable articulatory errors and trial-and-error articulatory groping in a context of slow and effortful speech.
True
Broca's Aphasia and Global Aphasia are both examples of fluent aphasia.
False
There are two types of stokes, ______, occurs when an artery is blocked and part of the brain loses blood supply, and ______, which is caused by bleeding in the brain.
Ischemic, hemorrhagic
A type of aphasia characterized by damage to the lower part of the prefrontal cortex, affecting speech planning and causing right-side hemiparesis.
Broca's aphasia
Which form of apraxia shows an absence in the motor plan of an intended action?
Ideomotor apraxia
Which may be an experience of a patient with split-brain syndrome?
Alien hand syndrome
Wernicke's aphasia is typically caused by damage in the temporal lobe of the language-dominant hemisphere.
True
__________ is applied to patients whose only obvious symptom is impaired word retrieval in speech and writing.
Anomic aphasia.
Damage confined to Broca's area or Wernicke's area usually produces chronic Broca's or Wernicke's aphasia.
False
Apraxia represents:
A label for several syndromes characterizing difficulty in volitional movement
What is the general concept of a "token test"?
A test of sentence-level auditory comprehension involving imperative sentences with increasing complexity directing the patient to touch or manipulate a set of tokens
Rate at which clinicians administer sentences can have in sentence comprehension tests can have clinical consequences in testing outcomes.
True
Questions that can be answered without reading the related text are said to be
Passage independent
Which of the following is NOT a condition that must be met for process-oriented treatment for aphasia:
Patients with irreversible aphasia are included.
Though the emphasis in treatment has shifted from efficacy to effectiveness, most existing studies of aphasia treatment are efficacy studies.
True
Delaying or eliminating counseling, education, and support during the first weeks after the patient becomes aphasic will not have important and irreversible negative effects on the patient and the patient's family.
False
Those with ______ global aphasia evolve to less severe forms with the first week or so after onset. Those with ______ global aphasia slowly evolve over months or years to less severe forms of aphasia. Those with ______ global aphasia experience profound c
Acute, evolving, chronic
Which of the following is NOT a message delivery technique that impacts the auditory comprehension ability in persons with aphasia:
Use of syntax
Treatment to improve comprehension of spoken sentences typically consists of drills in which patients answer questions, follow directions, or verify the meaning of sentences.
True
In the treatment of discourse comprehension, what are four ways in which you may manipulate the stimulus:
Familiarity, length, redundancy, speech rate
What is a "literacy history"?
A comprehensive look of how much reading the patient did before becoming aphasic and reading topics of special interest to the patient to give the clinician a sense of the patient's level of reading competence before the onset of aphasia.
Spoken direction tasks require patients to perform sequential pointing or manipulative responses in response to directions spoken by the clinician.
True
Normal listeners rely on __________ to comprehend language. If that fails to produce unambiguous meanings, then the listener will resort to ___________.
Top-down processes, text-based processes
Readers with surface dyslexia must rely on phonological analysis to identify problems with words while readers with deep dyslexia must rely on whole-word recognition to identify problem words.
True
Contemporary process-oriented aphasia treatment philosophies consider ______ when designing and implementing treatments.
Functionality (the daily life utility of skills)
Generalization (transfer of skills learned in the clinic to the patient's daily life)
The primary objective of aphasia treatment is to:
Improve daily life communication
Which of the following is NOT a type of aphasia group used for treatment?
Aural Rehabilitation Groups
Functional communication treatment programs downplay communication in natural contexts.
False
What does PWA stand for?
Persons With Aphasia