cultural ecology
an area of inquiry concerned with culture as a system of adaption to environment.
Cultural barriers
work against diffusion. Certain innovations, ideas, or practice are not accepted or adoptable in some cultures because of attitudes
Expansion Diffusion
an innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward
Contagious Diffusion
a form of expansion diffusion where nearly all nearby individuals are also affected.
Hierarchical Diffusion
a pattern where the main channel of diffusion in some segment of those who are susceptible to what is being diffused.
Stimulus Diffusion
not all ideas can be readily and directly accepted by a recieving population. some too vague, unattainable, different or impractical for immediate adoption.
possibilism
emerged by geographers who argued that the natural environment merely serves to limit the range of choices available to a culture.
scale
the representation of a real world phenomenon of a certain level of reduction
Relocation Diffusion
involves the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation and who carry it to a new, distant location, where they proceed to spread.
independent invention
a trait with many hearths that developed independent of each other.
cultural diffusion
the process of the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth to other places.
time-distance decay
caused by time and distance during the diffusion process.
environmental determinism
it holds the human behavior individually and collectively is strongly affected, controlled, or determined by the physical environment.
Functional region
is the product of interactions, of movement of various kinds.
Perceptual (vernacular) region
intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena in human geography.
culture
location, decisions, pattern, and landscapes.
culture trait.
a single attribute of a culture.
culture complex
a culture that may exhibit a particular culture trait, but will consist of a discrete combination of traits.
cultural hearth
area where culture traits develop and from which the culture traits diffuse.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
allow us to locate things on the surface of the Earth with extraordinary accuracy.
thematic maps
tells stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon.
absolute location
places, locations determined by a frame of reference, typically lines of longitude and latitude.
cartography
art and science of making maps
reference maps
show locations of places and geographic features
Human Geography
study of people and places and how they interact with other places.
Formal Region
a place marked by visible uniformity
Activity spaces
places we travel routinely in our daily activity.
Mental maps
maps in our minds of places. we have been or heard of
Relative Location
describes a place in relation to other human and physical features.
movement
fifth theme of geography, the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet.
Perceptions of places
beliefs about a place developed through books, movies, stories or pictures.
sense of place
state of mind, meaning and emotion of a place by remembering important event that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.
pandemic
an outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide.
place
fourth theme of geography uniqueness of a location.
epidemic
regional outbreak of a disease
spatial
space on Earth's surface synonymous for geographic
globalization
a set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships and heightening interdependence without regard to country borders.
physical geography
the study of physical phenomenon on Earth such as land, plants, location, etc.
Medical Geography
study of health and disease within a geographic context and from a geographical perspective.
Region
the third theme of geography, an area marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of phenomenon
spatial interactions
when two countries can rely on each other for raw materials and satisfy each other's needs
pattern
design of a spatial distibution
cultural Landscape
visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.
sequent occupance
cultural succession and its lasting imprint.
Location
first theme of geography, highlights how the geographical position of people and things on the Earth's surface affects what happens and why.
distribution
how something is distributed across space. Raises questions about how the arrangement came about. Location of geographic phenomena.
physical landscape
core element of geography.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
used to compare a variety of spatial data by combining layer of spatial data in a computerized environment.
Generalized Map
the map of world precipitation is a generalized map of annual precipitation received around the world.