respiratory centers located in the brainstem
1. (Page 1.) What controls the basic rhythm of breathing?
chemical factors in the blood
3. (Page 3.) What are the principal factors which control respiration?
sensory receptors called chemoreceptors
4. (Page 3.) What monitors changes in arterial PCO2, PO2 and pH?
to the respiratory centers in brainstem
5. (Page 3.) Where do the chemoreceptors send sensory input to?
effectors = respiratory muscles to control force & frequency
6. (Page 3.) Where do the respiratory centers send impulses to?
the medulla & pons
9. (Page 4.) Where, within the brainstem, is the respiratory center that controls the basic rhythm of breathing?
in the medulla
10. (Page 4.) Where, within the brainstem, are the inspiratory neurons?
(#1) inspiratory neurons send nerve impulses [2 seconds] (#2) diaphragm & external intercostal muscle contract (#3) inspiration
12. (Page 4.) Explain how the inspiratory neurons initiate inspiration.
(#1) inspiratory neurons stop impulses [3 seconds] (#2) diaphragm & external intercostal muscle relax (#3) expiration
13. (Page 4.) Explain how the inspiratory neurons initiate expiration.
12 - 15 breaths per minute
14. (Page 4.) What is a normal respiratory rate?
DRG = dorsal respiratory group = integrating center ; VRG = central respiratory group = influences the neurons
17. (Page 5.) Where are the respiratory centers that are responsible for smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration?
central chemoreceptors & peripheral chemoreceptors
20. (Page 6.) What are the two general categories of chemoreceptors involved in respiration?
in the medulla
21. (Page 6.) Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
2 locations: aortic bodies & carotid bodies
22. (Page 6.) Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
the pH associated w/ CO2 levels in the brain
23. (Page 6) What do the central chemoreceptors monitor?
the Pco2, pH, PO2 of arterial blood
24. (Page 6.) What do the peripheral chemoreceptors monitor?
information travels to the respiratory centers via the vagus & glossopharyngeal nerves
25. (Page 6.) How does information get from the chemoreceptors to the respiratory centers?
CO2
26. (Page 7.) What is the most important factor controlling the rate and depth of breathing?
no
27. (Page 7.) Does the carbon dioxide stimulate the central chemoreceptors directly?
as CO2 increase, so does the # of hydrogen ions, which lowers the pH
28. (Page 7.) What is the relationship between hydrogen ions and pH?
a) increase; b) increase; c) decrease; d) increase; e) increase; f) increase; g) increase; h) increase; i) decrease
30. (Page 8.) In each of these blanks, put "increase(s)" or "decrease(s)": If the arterial PCO2 increases, there is a(an) a. _______ in the PCO2 in the fourth ventricle. This causes a(an) b. ________ in hydrogen ions in the cerebrospinal fluid, which c. _
a) decrease; b) increase; c) increase; d) increase; e) increase
33. (Page 9.) In each of these blanks, put "increase(s)" or "decrease(s)": An increase in carbon dioxide levels in the arterial blood result in a(an) a. _______ in blood pH. There is a(an) b. ________ in the rate of firing of the peripheral chemoreceptors
a) increase; b) increase; c) decrease; d) increase; e) increase; f) increase; g) increase; h) decrease; i) decrease?
34. (Page 9.) In each of these blanks, put "increase(s)" or "decrease(s)": The peripheral chemoreceptors also respond to acids such as lactic acid, which a. ________ during strenuous exercise. The lactic acid enters the blood and b. __________ the concent
a) increase; b) increase; c) increase; d) increase
36. (Page 10.) In each of these blanks, put "increase(s)" or "decrease(s)": When the PO2 of the arterial blood decreases to below 60 mm Hg, there is a(an) a. _______ in the rate of firing in the peripheral chemoreceptors resulting in a(an) b. _________ in
carbon dioxide
37. (Page 11.) In hyperventilation, which blood gas is affected the most, oxygen or carbon dioxide?
low level of carbon dioxide
38. (Page 11.) What happens to blood levels of carbon dioxide during hyperventilation?
a. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
39. (Page 11.) As a result of hyperventilation, which direction does this reaction go?
a) decrease; b) decrease; c) increase; d) decrease; e) decrease; f) decrease
40. (Page 11.) In each of these blanks, put "increase(s)" or "decrease(s)": During hyperventilation, carbon dioxide levels in the blood a. ________. This causes a(an) b. ______ in the hydrogen ion concentration. pH c. _________. The rate of firing of the
b. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
42. (Page 12.) As a result of hypoventilation, which direction does this reaction go?
a) increase; b) increase; c) decrease; d) increase; e) increase; f) increase
43. (Page 12.) In each of these blanks, put "increase(s)" or "decrease(s)": During hypoventilation, carbon dioxide levels in the blood a. ________. This causes a(an) b. ______ in the hydrogen ion concentration. pH c. _________. The rate of firing of the p
voluntary control, pain & emotions, lung hyperinflation, pulmonary irritants
44. (Page 14.) Besides pH, PCO2 and PO2what other factors influence ventilation?
a reflex triggered to prevent overinflation of the lungs
45. (Page 14.) What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?
no
46. (Page 15.) Do changes in PCO2 and PO2 play a significant role in stimulating increased ventilation due to exercise?
learned responses, neural input from the motor cortex, receptors in muscles & joints, increase body temperature, circulation epinephrine & norepinephrine, pH changes due to lactic acid
47. (Page 15.) What are the factors that stimulate increased ventilation during exercise?