types of communication
intrapersonal,interpersonal, small group, & public
interpersonal communication
communication between people, the exchange of thoughts, feelings, and beliefs between two or more people
intrapersonal communication
communication with oneself, assess own thoughts, feelings, and reactions
small group communication
when 3 or more people gather in a context where every person can actively participate
ex: completing a task, solving a problem, making a decision, or sharing information
public communication
communication with or between a large group, One participant, the speaker delivers a prepared message to a group or audience who has assembled to hear the speaker.
Types of speeches
Impromptu, Extemporaneous, memorized, manuscripted
Impromptu speech
spur of the moment, unplanned, short speech
downfalls:wordiness, forgetfulness, errors, have to be a quick thinker
Extemporaneous speech
speaker may have notes or outline but the speech is not memorized, can be practiced
allows for flexibility and natural feel
Memorized speech
speech that is completely committed to memory. Allows for audience eye contact and planned gestures, but may appear over prepared, stilted, scripted, or parts can be forgotten.
Manuscripted speech
Read directly from a pre-written document. Well planned.Can't forget it. No flexibility. No audience eye contact.
reality-tester
one who seeks to verify the accuracy of information provided by others
reconstructive listening
taking a new message & making it fit what we want to hear or what we are used to hearing
homeostasis
equilibrium
self-disclosure
sharing information with another person to establish or enhance relationships
Intrinsic reward
When we communicate based on the simple reward of communicating.
Performing social rituals
a purpose of communication that is done because of tradition.
ex:shaking hands
Expressing feelings
a purpose of communication that is done to get an emotion across.
Informing
a purpose of communication that is used to provide information
expressing imagination
purpose of communication to display creativity and imagination.
Negotiation
a cooperative relationship in which both sides want to reach an agreement
-process of using a win-win strategy to arrive at a solution that doesn't force either side to settle
compromise
an accommodation in which both sides make concessions (win-lose win-lose approach)
open ended question
prepared question that allows for discussion in the interviewing process. Who What When Where Why & How
Introduction
1. gets the attention of the audience
2. provides a clear link from the attention-getter to the speech topic/thesis statement
2. gives the specific thesis statement
4. provides a preview of the major areas that will be discussed
Inductive reasoning
begins with the facts then make a general conclusion. Specific to general.
deductive reasoning
begins with a general observation moves to a specific conclusion. General to specific
Pseudolistening
pretending to listen
Selective listening
a listening style in which the receiver responds only to messages that interest him or her
topical speech format
topic specific, has one big main point, supported by subpoints
chronological pattern
presented in the order which things happened (in order of time)
spatial pattern
general to specific organized by how things are related in space (proximity, nearness)
problem-solution pattern
presents a problem then offers solutions
accommodation
negotiation strategy in which differences are minimized, smoothed over, or suppressed (lose-win approach)
acronym
a word formed from the initial letter of each of the major parts of the compound term.
ex: A.I.D.S.
active listening
a listening role in which the listener participates and shares in the communication process by guiding the speaker towards common interests
adjourn
the final action of the group, to close a meeting
advance organizer
introductory statements that forecast what the audience may expect
after-dinner speech
an entertaining speech that follows a banquet or meal
-should be light-hearted, relaxed; adapt to the mood of the audience
-should be organized around a theme
agenda
orders of the day, listing of things to be done
allegory
the use of symbolic, fictional figures and actions to express generalizations about human existence
ex: Orwell's Animal Farm (Russian Revolution)
alliteration
the repetition of the beginning sounds of two or more words that are close together
allusion
a reference to a well known person, place, thing, or idea
analogy
something familiar is used to describe or explain an unfamiliar or complex object or event. Extended metaphor or simile.
anecdote
a short story used by a speaker to illustrate a point
anthology
a collection of passages from literature
antithesis
the specific balancing or contrasting of one term against another, which is its opposite
ex. hot and cold, young and old, leader and follower, small and large, success and failure, love and hate
appreciative listening
a listening style used to enjoy and savour pleasurable sounds
ex: music, nature
argument
a reason for favoring one side of a proposition and the facts that support that reason
articulation
the crispness and distinctiveness with which we say the syllables of a word
aggressive tone
bossy, pushy, my way only, caring little about the feelings of others (NOT an appropriate communication tone)
assertive tone
a direct yet tactful communication approach (best tone for effective social and professional communication)
nonassertive tone
lacks action and energy, silent, disinterested, no confidence (inappropriate communication tone at work)
assonance
repetition of vowel sounds
attribution
the act of crediting a work
audience analysis
the process by which a speaker considers the needs and expectations of the audience that will be listening to their speech
avoidance
a negotiation strategy in which an individual tries to resolve an conflict by withdrawing or denying the problem exists (lose-Lose approach)
begging the question
an argument that assumes whatever is trying to be proven is already true
ex. circular reasoning or leading question (How do you like my delicious apple pie?)
bias
a prejudiced outlook
body
the part of the speech that provides the content and analysis that prove the thesis statements; the heart, brain, and nerve center of the entire presentation
body language
the way one uses his or her body to send messages
briefing
a speech informing members of a group of changes in policy or procedure
ex. telling members of swim team how to order team T-shirts, telling the yearbook staff about a new layout plan, a president's press secretary giving a briefing to reporters
burden of proof
a term used in formal debate and in law to refer to the duty and responsibility to prove something
ex. the prosecution has the burden of proof - the job to prove that the accused person is guilty
bylaws
a set of special rules agreed upon by members of a group
4 components of communication process
sender, message, receiver, feedback
captive audience
an audience that has been forced to be in attendance (often a type of indifferent audience)
case
the debater's ideas and evidence organized and arranged into a position supporting one side of a resolution; the total group of arguments
cause-effect pattern
a pattern of organization that arranges elements of an argument in a "because this happened, this resulted" sequence
circumstantial evidence
the evidence at hand. suggests a conclusion but doesn't prove it. can't hold itself up
ex. a person holding the smoking gun at the scene of a murder seems to be the one who committed the crime according to circumstantial evidence...but what if he was the
climactic pattern
a pattern of organization that arranges elements in the order of importance
clique
a narrow exclusive circle or group of persons, especially held together by common interests, views, or purposes
cognizant
having knowledge of something through personal experience. Being mindful or aware.
collaboration
a negotiation strategy that focuses on resolving the conflict. experiences, expertise, & perceptions of both parties are recognized. (win-win approach)
commemorative speech
an inspiring address that recalls heroic events or people
ex. Roosevelt's inaugural address
-the ones that honor individuals are called a) testimonials or b) eulogies
commencement address
a speech given during a graduation ceremony
-should acknowledge the importance of the ceremony and honor the graduates
communication barrier
any obstacle that gets in the way of effective communication. (attitudinal, social, educational, cultural, or environmental)
a good speaker works to eliminate them
compendium
brief summary of a larger work or field of knowledge
competition
a negotiation strategy that focuses on defeating or outshining another person rather than resolving the problem ( win-lose approach)
consonance
repetition of consonant sounds
connotation
the meanings and feelings associated with a word by an individual (context)
denotation
the basic and generally understood meaning of the word (dictionary)
conversational quality
speech distinguished by sounding spontaneous
critical listening
listening style used to evaluate and analyze a message for logic and value
debate
a method to solve problems. a formal contest of skill in reasoned argument
a battle between ideas
dialogue
conversation between two or more people
discriminative listening
a listening style used to single out one particular sound from a noisy environment
emotional appeal
(pathos) a persuasive technique that involves "striking an emotional chord" the speaker uses issues and values like patriotism, family, honor... to win audience's favor, appealing to feelings of love, anger, disgust, fear, compassion, etc.
ex. "Remember t
empathic listening
a style of listening that encourages people to talk freely without fear of embarrassment; an empathic listener makes no judgments and does not offer solutions
entrepreneur
one who organizes manages and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise
ethical "personal" appeal
(ethos) persuasive quality based on the speaker's honesty, sincerity, and commitment to ethics (what is right and wrong)
-honesty and competency form the backbone of personal appeal
eulogy
a speech praising or honoring someone who has died
-speaker should try to relate to the audience the significant meaning in that person's life
-must respect the religious beliefs of members of the family and the deceased
-biographical approach (chronicle
euphemism
a word or group of words that substitute for a word that is offensive or distasteful
ex: lady of the night=hooker
fallacy
an error in reasoning or mistaken belief
false analogy
a comparison of two things that are not really the same
ex. arguing that you should be able to use your notes during an exam because lawyers don't have to memorize any law and are allowed to look them up in the courtroom
This is wrong because the situatio
feedback
a reaction that the receiver gives in response to the message sent by the sender
fireside chat
a speech in which the group leader informally addresses concerns, worries, and issues of the moment
ex. principal scheduling fireside chats with parents to review school goals and policies, president giving a more personal talk on radio/television
Kantian's ethical standards
1. The means and ends are valued the same, or equally.
2. Adhere to the philosophy of "win-win" with all sources and receivers to win.
3. Sources and receivers choose the same means and same ends.
4. Sources and receivers communicate for their mutual bene
8 Ethical Standards of Maciavelli
1. The ends are valued more than the means. The ends justify (show sufficient reasons for) the means, or the reverse.
2. Adhere to the philosophy of "win-lose" with some sources to win and some receivers to lose, or the reverse.
3. Sources and receivers c
8 ethical standards of Nietzsche
1.The means and ends are not valued in any way.
2.Adhere to the philosophy of "lose-lose" with all sources and receivers to lose.
3. Sources and receivers do not choose any means or any ends.
4.Sources and receivers do not communicate with each other.
5.
first person
referring to the person speaking (I, Me, we, us)
follow-up question
a question that helps the interviewer pursue topics that come up unexpectedly in the course of an interview
foreshadowing
gives a hint or suggestion of something to come
hasty generalization
a faulty argument based on incomplete or unrepresentative information; the sample chosen is too small or is not representative
ex. flip through three TV channels and all you see are commercials, and then you conclude that the only thing on TV is commercia
humorous interpretation
a speech contest in which a speaker memorizes and performs a work of literature comedic in nature
ignoring the question
a speaker's attempt to divert the audience's attention from the matter at hand
ex. politicians, who decide to focus instead on personal attacks or appeal to popular prejudice
indifferent audience
audience that is apathetic or disinterested in the speaker and his topic. this audience does not find the topic relevant to their personal situation, and may appear openly bored
-often a captive audience - an audience that is being forced to be in attenda
inflection
the altering of a speaker's tone or pitch to create emphasis
interview
a conversation controlled by one person who asks questions of another person
jargon
specialized vocabulary of people in the same professional or similar group
logic
the science of reasoning which uses a system of rules to help one think correctly
logical appeal
(logos) the use of sequence, analysis, organization and factual evidence to prove a point or persuade an audience
message
that which is sent or said
metaphor
a figure of speech that compares things without using like or as
monotone
a tone in which words are delivered at the same tone and pitch without variation
motif
a dominant idea or central theme
nonverbal communication
facial expressions or body movements used to convey attitudes moods about a person situation or idea
nuclear family
a family that consists only of mother father and children
opposed audience
audience that is hostile to the speaker and the speaker's subject
orator
a person who delivers oratory and uses words effectively
oxymoron
a literary device that places words that are in opposition directly beside eachother
ex: cruel kindness, athletic clumsiness
parallelism
using the same grammatical form to express ideas that should logically be treated equally. often involves the repeating of words or phrases.
passive listening
a listening role in which the listener does not share in the responsibility or involve themselves in the communication process
persuasive speaking
speaking that influences others to believe or think as you do or to take action
plagiarism
copying or imitating the ideas or thoughts of another and passing them off as one's own original work
preview statement
the statement at the end of the introduction that presents an overview of the major areas of the speech that will be discussed in the body paragraphs
propaganda
material designed to distort the truth or deceive the audience
public lecture
a lecture given to a community group or school club
ex. giving a lecture to the Garden Club after your research on the super tomato
purpose statement
a statement that gives the speaker's selected speech topic and the speaker's specific purpose for speaking (used in speech outline)
reasoning
the process of thinking understanding and drawing a conclusion about some evidence
rebuttal
the act of countering an opponent's attack to one's argument and thereby rebuilding the argument
receiver
a person who intercepts a message and then decodes it
resume
a formal business version of one's own personal inventory. should include: job objective, education, work history
rhetoric/oratory
art or study of public speaking
rhetorical
relating or concerning the art of public speaking or writing effectively
rhetorical question
a question stated that doesn't require an answer
social communication
the communication that occurs in your personal/community life
speech of acceptance
a brief speech given by a person who receives a gift or reward, usually impromptu
1) thank the people who are presenting the award or gift
2) give credit to those people who helped you earn this recognition
speech of presentation
a brief speech presenting a person with an award or gift
-the speech should reflect the shared feelings of the group
1) state the name of the person
2) explain the award's significance as a symbol of the group's esteem
3) explain how the person was select
status quo
the existing conditions or the way things are now
stereotyping
labeling every person in a group based on preconceived ideas about what the group represents
supportive audience
an audience that likes the speaker and what the speaker has to say. willing to support and promote the speaker's ideas
syllogism
a form of deductive reasoning made up of two ideas and 1 conclusion
symbol
anything that stands for an idea and is used for communication (can be both verbal or nonverbal)
testimonial speech
a speech of praise or celebration honoring a living person
-to pay tribute to a special person and generate appreciation, admiration, or respect
-ex. toasts at retirement dinners, wedding celebrations, farewell banquets
theme
the central idea of a literary work
thesis
a statement defining or expressing the purpose of the speech.
topic specific
a speech is this when its introduction is directly related to the rest of the speech
transition
a word or phrase in a speech that connects one part to the next
uncommitted audience
an audience that is neutral or hasn't made up their minds about the speaker's topic
visual aids
Presentation of evidence by such visual means as charts, graphs, photographs, and physical objects to reinforce ideas presented verbally or to provide information.
written communication
communication that must be read
yes-no question
a question that can only be answered with yes or no. allows the subject to answer the question without elaborating
Zinger
a concluding statement that is a powerful reminder of the rightness of your position
Listening
receiving part of the communication process
Hearing
automatic reaction of senses and nervous system not the same as listening
developing relationship
uncertainty reduction theory, attraction theory, relationship rules theory, social exchange theory, and equity theory
deteriorating relationship
the weakening of the bonds between you and the other person.
cover letter
a document sent with your resume to provide additional information on your skills and experience
phases of group development
Forming - Storming - Norming - Performing
groupthink
tendency to give up own beliefs and conform to group opinion in order to avoid conflict
Toulmin's model
represents relationship of claim warrant and data
three elements of the foundation for effective oral communication ("value structure foundation")
1. working to be a good person
2. communicating constructively
3. caring about your audience
motivation
the desire that causes a person to act. 1) the desire to treat both people and situations fairly and to avoid stereotyping others and 2) the desire to set a good example for others are all responsible for motivating words
communication
process of sending and receiving messages
as a sender, you should...
1. THINK before you speak
2. ARTICULATE your words
3. WATCH the receiver to make sure you are getting the correct nonverbal signals
as a receiver, you should...
1. ASK questions
2. LEARN more about issues and people
3. RELATE to the background and experiences of those speaking
confidence
the feeling you have when you believe that you are capable of handling a situation successfully; the motivating factor behind the power and believability of your words
communication apprehension
being afraid to speak, esp. in public situations (80-90% of Americans admit feeling extremely uncomfortable about public speaking) (many people fear public speaking more than dying); stage fright/performance anxiety
fear
a biological process that allows you to deal with potentially dangerous situations; persistent, irrational fear is called a phobia
perception
how you see things; a key element in building confidence in speaking because it allows you to recognize what is real and helps you to overcome stage fright (aka performace anxiety)
10 Planks of CONFIDENCE
1. Content - have something worthwhile to say (message should contain facts and evidence)
2. Organization - have an outline that is easy for you and your audience to follow (introduction/main idea, analysis, supporting evidence, conclusion)
3. Notes - jot
3 Leadership Styles
1. Technocrat - leads by own ideas and is interested in the numbers and strategy more than people's feelings, logic over emotion, only focused on getting the job done, refuses to compromise, intense, detail-oriented
2. Artist - leads by imagination and in
4 Learning Styles
1. Discussion
2. Logic (organized, factual, direct plan of action)
3. Design (the relationship between things, how everything fits into the "big picture")
4. Emotion (enthusiastic, hands-on approach)
6 Planks of Leadership
1. Has sense of vision - the ability to see more than just the obvious; encourages active communication and long-term planning
2. Willing to take action - quit talking and start doing in order to actualize goals
3. Makes good decisions - decision should s
listening is the _______ part of the communications process
we remember only about __% of what we hear
receiving
25%
most people speak about _______ words per minute, but we can listen about __ times as fast
120-180; six times
this causes a "rate gap" which explains why our mind begins to wander while we listen
7 Habits of Bad Listening
1. Tuning out dull topics
2. Faking attention
3. Yielding to distractions
4. Criticizing delivery of physical appearance
5. Jumping to conclusions - personal biases against a speaker's background or position can interfere with listening
6. Overreacting to
communication can be distorted when it passes through a ____
filter
rhetorical devices (propaganda) used in speeches
testimonials - using the name of celebrities
false comparisons - holding up one candidate against a much older one
jumping on the bandwagon - don't be left out!
stack the deck - presenting only favorable evidence
name calling - mudslinging
How can you use your listening "spare time" to best advantage?
EARS
Explore - think ahead of the speaker
Analyze - consider carefully what's been said and look from different angles
Review - review what you have heard
Search - be alert for hidden meanings
paraphrase
repeat in your own words what you think you heard
summarize
condense the important points into a brief comment
door opener
short phrases that indicate to the speaker more acceptance, interest, and understanding
ex. Oh? How's that? I see. Go on. Tell me more. Explain that. Really? Uh-huh.
humans produce up to _______ different physical signs
700,000
facial expressions:
_______ shows in the nose-cheek-mouth area
_______ shows in the eyes and eyelids
_______ shows in the brows and forehead
_______ shows in the cheeks and mouth
disgust
fear
sadness
happiness
tone of voice
the mood that the speaker verbally or nonverbally creates; the attitude that one gives to others
offers a valuable clue to the speaker's feelings; the pitch, timbre (distinctive tone), pauses, rhythm, rate of speech, etc
signs that someone is lying
1. decreased hand activity
2. increased face touching
3. stiff and rigid posture
4. increased body shifting
humans can produce ______ different gestures
5,000
intimate space
under 18 inches; this distance is for confidential exchanges and often reserved for close friends
personal space
1.5 to 4 feet; this distance is comfortable for conservation between friends
social space
4 to 12 feet; this is the ordinary distance people maintain from one another for most social and business exchanges
public space
over 12 feet; this is the distance we keep between ourselves and strangers
Japanese are a touching/nontouching society
nontouching
eye contact
the most remembered element in forming an impression of someone
panel discussion
relatively informal discussion; three or four panel members sit facing an audience and talk to each other; helps audiences become better informed on public issues
open forum
often follows a panel discussion; panel members invite questions and comments from the audience, and a discussion leader fields the questions and restates them if necessary and then directs the questions to panel members
round table
a special kind of panel discussion commonly used in business and industry; small group of participants talk about a topic of common concern while sitting around a table
ex. presidential cabinet meetings, Sunday morning television news programs
symposium
more formal kind of discussion; experts are invited to deliver short speeches on a particular subject and to present opposing points of view on the topic
ex. speakers may include city planners, architects, taxpayers, etc.
town hall meeting
kind of discussion in which whole community assembles in a large hall to discuss their problems and then take a vote after the discussion to settle the issue
the best size for a group is _____ members
5-7
John Dewey's System for Discussion (6 Steps for Problem-Solving)
1. Define the problem - understand how it came about and why it needs to be solved
2. Establish criteria for a workable solution (criteria - a set of standards that the solution must meet)
3. Analyze the problem - break the problem down into smaller piece
nitpickers
want everything spelled out and will argue until they get what they want
eager beavers
want to offer a solution whether or not they have given it any thought
fence sitters
don't take a position until they're sure what the "key people" will say
wisecrackers
the group clowns, seek attention in any way possible
superior beings
look down their noses at the whole business
dominators
don't know when to quit talking and may prevent others from contribuing
types of discussion questions
1. questions of fact - ask group members to recall information related to the business on hand
2. questions of interpretation - ask group members to give their opinions on what the information means
3. questions of evaluation - ask group members to agree
moderator
often the leader of a discussion group; gets the discussion started, keeps it moving, and brings it to a close; remains impartial
consensus
a nearly unanimous agreement among a discussion group's members about a particular solution; the ideal goal of a group discussion
cohesion
social "glue" that holds a group together
protocol
a specific code or system of conduct that should be followed in certain professional and social situations
chain-of-command
communicating with the correct people in the correct order while at work
over ___% of our day is spent working and interacting with other people
70%
respect
to hold in high regard of esteem or to treat or be treated with dignity and a sense of appreciation
courtesy
being polite; the way you treat people
tact
being diplomatic; the way you deal with people
appropriate way to give directions
Four ABCs
Always Be Clear
Always Be Complete
Always Be Concise
Always Be Considerate
3 conversation killers
1. talking too much
2. talking too little
3. interrupting others
3 types of communication "language
1. informal language (casual)
2. standard language (commonly accepted and expected by most social groups as well as professionals)
3. technical language (used in specific professional fields)
networking
developing a variety of personal contacts you can tap for information and tips on job-hunting
resume
a formal, business version of your personal inventory; should be about one page
puff balls
easy "soft" questions lobbed in your direction during an interview that you can use as a springboard to get more positive stuff across about yourself
ex. "Tell me about yourself.
bridges
a transition from a question to a positive point during an interview
sparkler
during an interview; a sparkler is something that makes your positive point come alive: an analogy, story, anecdote, or a quote
sound bite
short cuttings from interviews that we hear on television and radio broadcasts; should be the length of your interview answers
inappropriate interview questions
-what is your ancestry or nationality?
-what religion are you?
-what political party are you affiliated with?
-are you married?
-what is your sexual orientation?
-do you drink?
-do you have a gf/bf?
-do you have a physical disability?
-what is your IQ?
-h
portfolio
contains a sample of your best school assignments/work that you can bring to an interview
rapport
a feeling of trust and cooperation, especially during an interview
open-ended questions
the type of questions that should be asked during an interview to produce long answers (avoid yes-no questions and leading questions)
follow-up questions
asking additional questions during an interview to dig out more intriguing statements
paraphrasing
rewording the original passage; this is still taking someone else's ideas so it still requires citation
ghostwriter
writers whose work passes off as another person's original work
index
Latin word meaning "one who points out
5 types of attention-getters (to start a speech)
1. asking [rhetorical] questions
2. making references (to the people in the audience, to the physical surroundings, to other speakers, or the significance of the occasion)
3. making a startling statement
4. giving a quotation
5. telling a story (narrative
link
the statement that comes between the attention-getter and the thesis statement and logically connects the two; also develops a "bridge" between the audience and the topic
thesis statement
should clarify the overall goal of the speech and state the specific topic
outline
the speaker's map, gives form and direction to the organization; often follows the process of subordination (ranking in terms of importance)
main headings
the major divisions, areas, or arguments of your purpose statement; indicated by roman numerals
supporting materials
divide the main headings into more specific categories and present more detailed information; logically narrower and more specific; indicated by capital letters
details
subdivisions of the supporting materials and often are specific names, dates, statistics, and other facts; indicated by numbers
policy solution
asks for some form of physical audience on your audience's part and activity challenges an existing institution or problem (ex. start a petition drive for signatures, rally a group, write a policymaker)
attitudinal solution
asks the audience to change or strengthen their attitudes and opinions regarding an issue
awareness solution
reminds your audience to be conscious of what they have heard and possibly implement what has been talked about in their own lives
conclusion
1. summarizes the main points of the speech
2. restates the thesis
3. gives a final clincher (should challenge, inspire, or motivate the audience)
inductive reasoning
using certain specific cases to help prove a general truth
types of inductive reasoning
1. case study - analyzing a "typical" example in great detail to draw general conclusions (ex. social experiments)
2. reasoning by sign - draw conclusions about a given situation based on physical evidence (ex. detective work)
3. reasoning by analogy - ch
deductive reasoning
moves from generalizations (premises) to a specific instance
syllogism
an example of deductive reasoning
ex.
1. All students go to school.
2. You are a student.
3. Therefore, you go to school.
false premise
an error in deduction
ex. All teenagers are irresponsible. You are a teenager. Therefore, you are not responsible enough to leave the house tonight.
The statement "all teenagers are irresponsible" is a false premise based on a hasty generalization.
mistaken casualty
assuming that one event causes another simply because it happens before the other
ex. You do well on a major exam after going out to the movies the night before, which causes you to believe that the movies helps you do well on tests
playing with numbers
manipulating statistics to misrepresent facts
the average person has a vocabulary of approximately ____ words
10,000
concrete words vs. abstract words
concrete words name things that we can perceive through our senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, or smell
abstract words are names for qualities, attributes, concepts, etc.
rate
the speed at which we speak
the average rate of speaking is 120-180 words per minute
pitch
the highs and lows of your voice
volume
the loudness or softness of your voice
pronunciation
saying the sounds of a word properly and stressing the correct syllable
platform movement
walking or stepping in a purposeful manner from one spot to another while speaking; movement should be natural yet logical, when you are going from one section of the speech to another
-lead with the leg in the direction you are moving
-move toward your a
gestures
actions in which the body or parts of the body move to express an idea or emotion
-gesture zone
posture
the position of the body when it is still
diaphragm
main power source for effective speaking
emphasis
the stress that you give certain words that you wish to accentuate
status report
a report that indicates what has been accomplished so far and what plans exist for the future
ex. in many business and social group committees to keep up with their various projects
Head of prom committee, asked to give a status report on prom plans
chalk talk
the speaker giving a chalk talk relies on a visual aid (chalkboard)
ex. coach showing the team how to arrange its defense, a director outlining plans to present a stage play
6 C's of Informative Speaking
1. Be Clear
2. Be Concise
3. Be Complete
4. Be Correct
5. Be Concrete
6. Connect
oral interpretation
the art of communicating works of literature by reading aloud well
anthologies
books that include literary works by subject matter, such as love, war, nature, etc.
mood
a particular feeling or emotional tone created by a work
dramatic monologue
first-person narration; a single character speaking out loud
interior monologue
first-person narration; the narrator speaking to himself or herself (we hear the narrator's thoughts)
omniscient
all-knowing; ex. the narrator telling a story by using third-person can move freely into and out of the minds of various characters
meter
measures the rhythm in a line of poetry based on what syllables are stressed in the words that make up the line
rhythm
the flow of stressed and unstressed syllables
rhyme
a repetition of sounds between words or syllables or the endings of lines of verse
imagery
language that creates mental pictures
4 types of courtesy speeches
speech of introduction, speech of presentation, speech of acceptance, after-dinner speech
speech of introduction
a brief speech to introduce the speaker; make the audience want to hear the speaker and to make the speaker want to address the audience
-refers to the occasion
-names the speaker
-builds enthusiasm
-shares information
-explain why the speaking is giving
4 types of ceremonial speeches
commencement address, commemorative speech - includes testimonials and eulogies
original oratory
speech contest event in which you write a topic of your own choosing; usually required to be memorized and under 10 minutes
-this is a persuasive speech, so choose a topic you feel strongly care about
extemporaneous speaking
participants pick one topic from a choice of three and then have 30 minutes to prepare a 5-7 minute speech on that topic
-topics are based on current issues
-can only use documents that he or she has brought to the contest
dramatic and humorous interpretation
perform works of literature by acting out different characters
I-messages
statements that emphasize what we want ("Stop talking so I can talk!"
-this is counterproductive in negotiation and therefore should be avoided
three-part message
effective tool for negotiation
"When you...I feel...because...
informal debate
debate without specific rules
proposition
a statement of a point to be debated
resolution
a proposition that begins with the word resolved
status quo
the existing conditions
brief (debate)
an outline of both the affirmative and negative cases; used as a guide/summary
refute
to show that something is wrong
5 strategies for conflict resolution
avoidance
accommodation
competition
compromise
collaboration
in parliamentary procedure, the wishes of the ________ are carried out while the rights of the __________ are protected
majority
minority
quorum
the minimum number of members who must be present for the group's decisions to take effect