Functions of blood
Transport, regulation of pH and electrolytes, restricts fluid losses, defense, and stabilize body temperature
Methods of collecting and analysis of blood
Venipuncture, peripheral capillaries, and arterial puncture
Centrifugation
Spins the blood so quickly that it separates
Blood after centrifugation; top to bottom
Plasma, white blood cells/platelets, and red blood cells
Hematocrit
(Volume of red blood cells)/(Total volume)
Percent of plasma
55%
Percent of platelets and white blood cells
<1%
Percent of red blood cells
45%
Serum
90% H20, 8% protein, 2% hormones
Whole blood
All parts of the blood
Plasma
Plasma proteins+ground substance (serum)
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Transports fatty acids, maintain isotonic solution
Globulin
Immunoglobulin (antibodies)
Fibrinogen
Form blood clots; becomes fibrin-an insoluble protein
Another name for Red Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
Function of Red Blood Cells
Transport O2 and CO2
Structure of Red Blood Cells
Biconcave Disc
Rouleaux
Stacks of red blood cells
Function of rouleaux
To prevent red blood cell clods in capillaries
What do red blood cells lack in order to fit O2 and CO2?
Organelles
Structure of hemoglobin
4 globin with a heme in the middle of each, iron attaches at the heme
Type of structure of hemoglobin
Quaternary
Where does O2 connect on a red blood cell?
Iron
Where does CO2 connect on a red blood cell?
Globin
Red blood cells cannot
Divide
Lifespan of a red blood cell
120 days
Where are red blood cells formed?
Bone marrow
Why does oxygen attack to iron?
It is slightly negative
Sickle Cell Anemia
When defective hemoglobin loses O2 they change the shape of the cell, causing clots and oxygen deficiency.
Granulocytes
Neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil
Agranulocytes
Monocyte and lymphocytes
Another name for white blood cells
Leukocytes
Leukocytes from most to least abundant
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Lymphocyte
Lymphocyte function
Kill off foreign things in the body and release antibodies
Neutrophil
Neutrophil function
Ingest bacteria and other foreign debris in the body
Eosinophil
Eosinophil function
Fight of parasitic worms and allergies
Basophil
Basophil function
Main cell that fights allergies
Monocyte
Monocyte function
Pick up where other cells left off
Phagocytosis
To eat cells
Cells that use phagocytosis
Lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and monocyte.
Cells that do not release anything
Eosinophil and monocyte
What do lymphocytes release?
Antibodies
What do neutrophils release?
Chemicals that call other leukocytes to the area
What do basophil release?
Histamine and heparin
Histamine
Causes body to swell
Heparin
Thins blood to get things through faster
Leukemia
Too many white blood cells which causes them to not function and make the patient more susceptible to get sick.
Diapedisis
The process of white blood cells going through the walls of the blood stream
Amoeboid Movement
White blood cells way of crawling along the walls of capillaries.
Types of Lymphocytes
T cells, B cells, NK cells
T Cells
Cellular immunity against foreign tissue and cells infected with viruses; have killer T cells and helper T cells (CD-4 and CD-8)
B Cells
Humoral immunity; produce antibodies (globulin proteins) also memory cells
NK stands for
Natural Killers
NK cells
Large granules of toxin that destroy cancerous cells and some virally-infected cells
Where are white blood cells made?
Lymphatic system; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
Platelets
Small, membrane-bound packets of cytoplasm that contain enzymes for blood clot formation
Another name for platelets
Thrombocytes
How many days do platelets circulate?
9-12 days
Platelets are cell
Fragments
Another name for platelet production is
Thrombocytopoiesis
Thrombocytopoiesis occurs in the
Bone Marrow
Megakaryocytes
Enormous with large nuclei
What are the 3 kinds of lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells, and NK cells.
What is in antigen?
An invader.
Hormones communicate
Long distance
How do a macrophage and a T cell make an antibody?
The macrophage envelopes the antigen and breaks it down. The pieces are expelled and a single protein remains. It is put in the Helper T cell, which notifies other cells (B and NK), which make antibodies to counter it.
What is a neurotransmitter?
Chemicals are released across the synapse to communicate.
Two types of immune responses
Innate and Adaptive
Innate cells
Neutrophil
Basophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Both adaptive and innate cells
Macrophage
NK
Dendritic
Adaptive cells
B-cell; humoral antibody
T cell; cell mediated, t-helper, t-cytotoxic
Adaptive
Develops after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances. Very specific. Stronger and faster response after each exposure.
Where are B cells made?
Bone marrow
Where are T cells made?
Thymus
Humoral Immunity
Involves antibodies made by B cells against specific pathogens
Cellular Immunity
Involves using lymphocytes called Helper T-cells and Cytotoxic cells to kill infected cells
Cytokine
Specific chemical messengers
Antigen
Foreign molecule we want to get rid of
Antibodies
Proteins made by B cells that bind to antigens and cause an immune response.
Antigens are engulfed by
Antigen-presenting cells
Examples of Antigen-presenting cells
Dendritic and macrophages and virus infected cells
Antigen-presenting cells
Must capture and digest pathogen proteins and then present these proteins on their surface to B and T cells
Arteries
Efferent vessels carry blood away from the heart
Veins
Afferent vessels return blood to the heart
Capillaries
Exchange vessels. Thin walled vessels between arteries and veins that permit exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products.
Layers of arteries/veins from exterior to interior
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Endothelium
How many cells thick is the endothelium?
One cell thick
What do veins have that arteries don't have?
Valves used to keep blood moving through the blood vessels.
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