noun
person, place, or thing
concrete noun
a noun which is physical thing
abstract noun
a noun which is an emotion/thought
compound noun
two nouns acting as one (ex:fireman)
proper noun
a noun which represents as particular person or place, a name (ex: Italy)
pronouns
Take the position and function of nouns but do not specifically name them - He, she, it, they, him, her, them
reflexive pronoun
a personal pronoun compounded with -self (myself, yourself, etc)
adjective
a word that describes a noun or pronoun
articles
a, and, and the. they are a subset of adjectives
demonstrative adjective
points out the noun it describes. (ex: this, these, that, those, etc)
indefinite pronoun
a pronoun that does nor tefer to a particular person place or thing (ex: all, any, few)
verb
expresses an action
transitive verb
transfers the action from the subject toward a direct object
intransitive verb
a verb that has no direct object
linking verb
a verb or verb phrase that shows a state of being or condition (ex: be, stay, grow, remain, etc)
helping verb
Helps the main verb express action or a state of being (ex:have, will, shall, could, should, etc)
adverbs
Modfies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and usually answers: How, When, Where, Why, To what extent?
conjunctive adverb
links two parts of a compound sentence (ex: consequently, however, besides, therefore)
conjunction
a word which joins words, phrases, or clauses/connects two ideas (ex:for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
correlative conjunctions
conjunctions used in pairs or groups (both...and, either....or, neither...nor)
coordinating conjunctions
the normal fanboys
subordinating conjunctions
words that begin adverb clauses, some of which are: after, although, as, as if, because, before, even though, if, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, when, where, whether, and while
interjection
an abrupt emphatic exclamation expressing emotion
sentence
group of words expressing a complete thought, includes a subject and a predicate
indirect object
precedes direct object, to whom the object is done, NOT IN PREP PHRASE. ex: she offered me a job. me = io, but in she offered a job to me, there is no io
direct object
the thing which receives the action from the verb
subject
the part of a sentence about which the verb is done. Includes, but is not, the simple subject
predicate
the other part of a sentence other than the subject, it is the part which says something about the subject
simple subject
what we normally think of when we say "the subject", the main part of the full subject
simple predicate
the verb or verb phrase
compound subject
two subjects joined by a conjunction (usually and or or) that share a verb
compound verb
two verbs that share a simple subject (ex: someone did this and they started that) did and started make up the compound verb
it cannot be
adverbs as complements
subject complements
add/refer to the subject, includes predicate adjectives and predicate nominatives
predicate nominative
noun that refers back to the subject and follows a linking verb
predicate adjective
adjective that follows the linking verb and modifies the subject.
phrase
a group of words which function as a single part of speech
adjective phrase
a prepositional phrase which functions as an adjective
adverb phrase
a prepositional phrase which functions as an adverb
participle
a verb whose form is changed to make it into a noun, the new form can't stand on its own as a verb. Includes the past and present participle. Participles CAN have a direct object
past participle
a participle in the past (ends with -ed, -d, -en, etc.)
present participle
a participle in the present (ends with -ing)
participle phrase
a phrase containing a participle and any complements or modifiers it has
complement
a word in the predicate which completes the meaning of the subject and verb (ex: she won the race, race is the ___)
gerund
verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun (ex: walking is healthy)
gerund phrase
a phrase containing a gerund and any complements or modifiers it has
infinitive
a verb form, usually prefaced by "to", that can be used as a noun or a modifier
infinitive phrase
a phrase containing an infinitive and any complements or modifiers it has
subject complement
a complement which refers to the subject
clause
an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence
infinitive clause
a clause containing an infinitive
appositive
A noun or a pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it.
independent clause
a clause that can stand alone as a sentence
dependent/subordinate clause
a clause that can't stand alone as a sentence, the whole clause functions a singular part of speech
adjective clause
subordinate clause which functions as an adjective
relative pronouns
a pronoun which begins an adjective clause and refers to another pronoun already mentioned
noun clause
subordinate clause used as a noun
adverb clause
a subordinate clause used as an adverb (ex: She practices as though her life depended on it, as though her life depended on it functions as ____, telling how)