birth rate
the annual number of births per thousand population
carrying capacity
the maximum number of people that can be supported in a given area
death rate
the annual number of deaths per 1000 persons in the population
demographic transition
a change in the population growth that occurs when a nation moves from a rural, agricultural society with high birth and death rates to an urban, industrial society in which death rates decline first and birthrates decline later
Human Development Index
combines measures of literacy, life expectancy, education and wealth. Highest score 1. Iceland and Norway
infant mortality rate
the number of infants per 1000 live births who die before reaching one year of age
migration-pull factors-push factors
the large-scale movements of people between different regions of the world
One Child Policy
Chinese had it to decrease population. punishable by tax, no bigger home,
physiological density
number of people per unit area of arable land.
population density
the number of people in an area of land, usually expressed as people per square mile or per square kilometer
population explosion
the rapid, accelerating increase in the world population since about 1650 and especially since 1900
population pyramid
a graph used to show the age and sex composition of a population
sex ratio
the numerical ratio of males to females in a population
Thomas Malthus*
His An Essay on the Principle of Population observed that sooner or later population will be checked by famine and disease, leading to what is known as a Malthusian catastrophe.basically the population will stay level bc if it doesnt something (war, famine, etc) will bring it back to the normal level
total fertility rate
the number of children the average woman will bear during her reproductive lifetime. a tfr of less than 2.1 if maintained will cause a natural decline of population
zero population growth
a stabilized population created when an average of only two children per couple survive to adulthood, so that, eventually, the number of deaths equals the number of births
Where are the three largest populations clusters in the world today?
east asia, indian subcontinent, europe (west)--south asia?
What is the connection between 'carrying capacity' and'physiological density'? Why are these relevant to population?
carrying capacity is the amount of people the land can sustain and physiological density is the amount of people per land. These are directly related and regulate the populationphysiological density-only use productive landegypt-everyone is by the nile so density is highermeasurments of density
According to Malthus, what roles do diseases and war have in world population dynamics?
they decrease the population
What have been the cultural ramifications of China's 'One Child Policy?
4-2-1 problem.little emperor syndrome, spoiled, unable to cope independently
What does the shape and distribution of a population pyramid tell us about the population of a place?
wide base-lots of youngcylindrical shape- pop stability or declineeffects of genocide, war, boys v. girls
What parts of the world have the fastest growing population?
subsaharan africa
What is the significance of a TFR of 2.1 and what does it mean for the future growth of world population?
needed to produce a stabilized population. Then zero pop growth is achieved. There wont be ant growth but also no decline
What factors other than government policy can result in an imbalance in the sex ratio of a population?
cultural preference, only on older generation-the tendency of men to die younger, war
Where were the first areas of fertility control? What were the barriers to diffusion and how has that affected world population?
industrialized, technologically advanced countries. poorer and uneducated countries dont have the ability or knowledge to use birth control
Cognate
having the same linguistic derivation as another; from the same original word or roo
Dialect
a distinctive local or regional variant of a language that remains mutually intelligible to speakers of other dialects of that language; a sub-type of a language
Etymology
the study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history
Isogloss
the border of usage of an individual word or pronunciation
Language Family
a group of related languages derived from a common ancestor.
Lingua Franca
an existing, well-established language of communication and commerce used widely where it is not a mother tongue
Linguistic Refuge
an area protected by isolation or inhospitable environmental conditions in which a language or dialect has survivedHimalayasAmazon basinTundra regions of the arctic
Logographic
Writing Systems. ❧ Definition: systems of writing in which each character represents a separate morpheme, also known as ideographic writing systems; the symbols in the system has no way of telling how the word is pronounced, they only represent meaning.
Pidgen
a composite language consisting of a small vocabulary borrowed from the linguistic groups involved in international commerce
Shatter Belt**
areas where diverse languages are spokenCaucasus Mountains
Toponym
a place name, usually consisting of two parts, the generic and the specificnames given to towns, rivers, etcProvide clues to diffusion, settlement patterns, and environmental modification huntsvilleGeneric toponyms-words used as prefix of suffix in place namesNorthern-center, corners, east, south, west, northMidland-gap, cove, hollow, knobSouthern-bayou, gully, store
What is the official, government defined language of the United States? Why is this the case?
we dont have one because we are a melting pot from which all people are welcome. but we mostly speak english
What is the difference between a pidgin language and a lingua franca?
pidgin is a combo of languages of close areas and lingua franca is a foreign language that a lot of people use (french in canada or louisana)
Of the terms 'rotary' or 'yard sale', which would be the easiest to draw an isogloss for?
rotary bc of isogloss definition
By what process did the Austronesian language family spread through Polynesia and the southern Pacific islands?
southeast asia spread south to malay peninsula. then went to islands of indonesia and then to new zealand, easter island, hawaii, and madagascar. sailing and navigation were the key
acculturation
the adoption by an ethnic group of enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially
assimilation
the complete blending of an ethnic group into the host society resulting in the loss of all distinctive ethnic traits
chain migration
the tendency of people to migrate along channels over a period of time, from specific source areas to specific destinations
channelization
the formation of a channel
ethnic cleansing
the removal of unwanted ethnic minority populations from a nation state through mass killing, deportation, or imprisionment
ethnic region - rural
an area occupied by people of similar ethnic background who share traits of ethnicity, such as language and migration history
ethnic homeland
a sizable area inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of political and social control over it
ethnic island
a small ethnic area in the rural countryside; sometimes called a folk island
ethnic substrate
regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland
ethnic region - urban
...
ethnic neighborhood
a voluntary community where people of like origin reside by choice
ethnoburb**
are suburban ethnic clusters of residential areas and business districts in large American metropolitan areas. They are multi-ethnic communities, in which one ethnic minority group has a significant concentration, but does not necessarily comprise a majority.
ghettos
traditionally, an area within a city where an ethnic group lives, either by choice or by force. today in the us the term typically indicates an impoverished African american urban neighborhood
maladaptation
is a trait that is (or has become) more harmful than helpful
metlting pot
a place where different peoples, styles, theories, etc., are mixed together.
preadaptation
character of an organism or taxonomic group that takes on a function when none previously existed or that differs from its existing function which has been derived by evolution
return migration
a type of ethnic diffusion that involves the voluntary movement of a group of migrants back to its ancestral or native country or homeland
What is the difference between acculturation and assimilation and how does the difference affect the vitality of an ethnic group?
acculturation is ethnic group adopts enough ways of new culture to be accepted, assimilation is complete blending.acculturation-change language so you can get a job but keeping their language same at hhome. change clothes outwardly. possibly religion--mostassimilation-come just like everyone else. what we want in the US-dont really have their ethnic group any moreonly affects the host culture ethnic group
In what way does the ethnic make-up of the USA differ from that of Russia? Why is this significant?
the usa is diverse and doest have a big majority of one ethnic group where as Russia has 80% russians so those that arent russian are going to be poor and stand out
Czech settlers found success in East Texas grasslands. What cultural factors were important in this?
East TX grasslands good for farming. English farmers that came from england moved and farmed in timberlands because thats what they knew. Czechs in e tx farm in grass lands and are betterbc czech came from central europe and recognized that grasslands were good for farming
What roles do ethnic and cultural festivals serve for populations within the United States?
share their culture - celebrate their heritagedifferent than the homeland thingsimplification
What are the largest ethnic groups in the United States
mexican, black, white?european-german defined by ancestry
Former Irish and Italian neighborhoods in New York are now populated by Guyanese and Asians. What has occurred?
irish and italin grouped together become more like america. move to other place and urban neighborhoods still exist. more compact and close to city. asians came after irish were already americanized. several ethnic groups go through areas
In Wisconsin, Finns settled in the northern pine forests while the Cornish settled the southwestern lead mining areas. What reasons led to this settlement pattern?
bc of what they did in their previous places they livedpreadaptation, make decisions on that knowledge
Abrahamic religions
...
contact conversion
the spread of religious beliefs by personal contact
ecotheology
the study of the influence of religious belief on habitat modification
ethnic
of or relating to a population subgroup (within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a common national or cultural tradition
feng shui
a system of laws considered to govern spatial arrangement and orientation in relation to the flow of energy (qi), and whose favorable or unfavorable effects are taken into account when siting and designing buildings.
Indus-Ganga hearth*
hindu and buddism
mystic place**
having a spiritual meaning that is difficult to see or understand
orthodox
a strand within most major religions that emphasizes purity of faith and is not open to blending with other religions
pilgrimage
journey to a sacred place
polytheistic
multiple gods
proselytic
a religion that actively seeks converts and has the goal of converting all humankind
reincarnation
the idea or belief that people are born again with a different body after death
sacred place
an area recognized by a religious group as worthy of devotion, loyalty, esteem, or fear to the extent that it becomes sought out, avoided, inaccessible to the nonbeliever, and or removed from economic use
secularization
to take religion out of (something) : to make (something) secular
Semitic hearth**
abrahamic
shaman
a person regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of good and evil spirits, especially among some peoples of northern Asia and North America. Typically such people enter a trance state during a ritual, and practice divination and healing.
syncretic
religions, or strands within religions, that combine elements of two or more belief systems
teleology
the explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve rather than by postulated causes.
How can religious belief and perspective affect a person's view of the environment? Why is this significant?
how its creatednatural disastersaffect agriculture and where do humans fit in naturechirstians-instructed to control naturehindu-part of nature
What is the difference between a sacred place and a mystical place, from a religious perspective?
mystic place just feels special - sacred umbrella something happened. mystic more vague
What is the most commonly followed faith in the world? In the United States? In Arkansas?
Southern Baptist in AR, christian-protestant-catholic in US. world-christian-catholic
What is the function of the practice of 'feng shui'? Where did this tradition originate?
originated in china. the idea of placing things in certain places will bring certain results
What role does modernization/globalization play in the growth of secularization? Where is this most common?
europe. more exposed to other stuff. more options, less connected to
What types of diffusion are present in the spread of religion?
hierarchical, -catholic ,contagious
In what regions are the most followers of animist/shaminist religions found? What is the likely reason for this?
natural componets, multiple gods related to elements-sub sarahafrica, amazon, indonesia
Why are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam considered to be related? What are the connections between them?*
they all stem from abraham
What are considered the 'Big Five' world religions?
ChristianityIslamJudaismBuddhismHinduism
Migration is considered to be the purest form of this type of diffusion:
relocation
The population explosion was triggered primarily by:
a steep decline in the death rate for infants and children
The greatest voluntary relocation of people in world history was caused by:
the industrial revolution
Almost three-quarters of the world's population lives in:
Eurasia
The stage of the demographic transition in which there is declining fertility, but, as a result of already low mortality, continuing significant growth is:
three
Globalization is most associated with which kind of migration?
labor
In which region is the population the oldest?
europe
When using the demographic transition model to study population, one would expect countries with high birth and death rates to be:
preindustrial
According to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the worst humanitarian crisis in the Western Hemisphere is found in:
columbia
The underlying reason that gender ratios in China and India reflect serious imbalance is:
preference for males
One country to have successfully reduced population growth through drastic government intervention is:
china
Early human groups moved primarily in response to:
the migrations of the animals they hunted
Australia, Canada, and the United States all have lower death rates than most of Europe.TF
t
More people live in the Amazon lowlands of South America than in the nearby Andes.TF
f
A central geographic fact is that people are evenly distributed over Earth.TF
f
Most people in the developed world die of degenerative diseases related to old age.TF
t
Lower death rates can be achieved simply by giving a population access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation.TF
t
Infanticide has never been a method of gender selection in any culture.RF
f
More than a quarter of the world's oil is consumed by the United States.TF
t
A population pyramid with a broad base indicates a young population.TF
t
Recently settled areas typically have more males than females.TF
t
Most dispersed farmsteads are of more modern (rather than ancient) origin.TF
t
The most remarkable language family in terms of distribution and the use of relatively advanced navigational skills is the:
Austronesian
About how many people speak or can "get by" in English today?
1.5 bil
According to the Kurgan hypothesis, Indo-European languages diffused from:
central asia
Into what language family does Han Chinese fall?
Sino-Tibetan
Following Indo-European, which language family is spoken by the most people?
Sino-Tibetan
Into what language family do Semitic languages like Hebrew fall?
Afro-Asiatic
In bilingual societies, there is no need for:
a lingua franca
Which route was responsible for spreading the Russian language eastward?
the Trans-Siberian Railroad
In New Zealand, the smaller the town, the more likely it is to bear a Maori toponym.TF
t
The diffusion of Latin, English, and Russian occurred in conjunction with the spread of great political empires.TF
t
Languages do not tend to reinforce sense of place.TF
f
Toponyms disappear from the landscape when the culture that produced them vanishes.TF
f
Toponyms often reflect spatial patterns of national origin and dialect.TF
t
The fact that Hebrew has been in continuous use for the last three millennia facilitated the creation of the state of Israel.TF
f
While toponyms often provide information about site characteristics and historic events and personages, they tell us nothing about environmental modification.TF
f
Globalization and other modern trends are increasing the number of the world's linguistic refuge areas.TF
f
Environmental isolation is an increasingly important linguistic influence.TF
f
Korean and Japanese belong to the same language family as Chinese.TF
f
No place or time is free of tensions based on ethnic or racialized differences.TF
T
Ghetto, urban ethnic island, and ethnoburb are all synonyms.TF
F
There is far more variability within so-called racial groups than between them.TF
T
Ethnic substrates are more numerous than ethnic islands.TF
F
In Rwanda, the Hutu are the majority group.TF
T
An ethnic group is usually weakened when an outsider marries into it.TF
F
The climate of southernmost Florida is identical to that of Cuba.TF
T
European colonialism frequently drew on existing ethnic and racial cleavages in colonized societies.TF
T
According to William Frey, ethnic populations tend to concentrate in a country's interior.TF
F
Homelands, because of their geographic segregation, weaken ethnicity.TF
F
The neighborhood of affluent Chinese immigrants living in the San Gabriel Valley south of Los Angeles would be termed:
ethnoburb
Which natural feature has allowed the Gullah of Georgia and Florida to preserve many of their African cultural roots?
islands
Green is often found in __________________ ethnic neighborhoods.
Irish and Muslim
In the mid-nineteenth century, which ethnic arrivals to the United States were the most likely to settle in rural areas?
Scandinavians and Germans
In the United States, the term _______________ is used to describe a poor African-American neighborhood, while the term _____________ is used to describe a poor Latino neighborhood.
ghetto, barrio
People who share a common ancestry and cultural tradition compose a(n):
ethnic group
The process by which immigrant ethnic groups lose certain aspects of their traditional culture as they settle into a new country is:
cultural simplification
Suppose that members of a particular ethnic group move from the Middle East to London, England. They get jobs with English businesses and learn to speak English, but they continue to speak Arabic in the home, choose not to become English citizens, do not vote in English elections, and send their children to Arabic schools. This ethnic group has engaged in:
acculturation
Which factor is particularly effective in encouraging assimilation?
intermarriage
Which statement best summarizes the current approach of the U.S. Census Bureau to self-definitions of race?
Individuals may choose to identify themselves with more than one racial group.
What occurs when an ethnic minority adopts enough of the ways of the host country to be able to function economically and socially?
acculturation
Cultural maladaptation occurs when an immigrant group:
misperceives conditions in the new land and fails to thrive there
Pogroms were organized persecutions of:
jews
Contact conversion can be the result of everyday associations between believers and nonbelievers.TF
T
The religious concepts of orthodoxy and of fundamentalism are the same.TF
F
In its early days, Confucianism spread more by hierarchical diffusion than by contagious diffusion.TF
T
The number of Brazilians who are adherents of Catholicism has shrunk significantly in the last 50 years.TF
T
Protestantism is a reformation of early Christianity.TF
T
Wine did not become associated with religious worship until the rise of Christianity.TF
F
Protestants with Calvinist views are likely to have elaborately decorated large churches.TF
F
Yoga is based on Hindu and Buddhist practices.TF
T
Moses and Abraham are venerated by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.TF
T
Religion rarely lies at the root of conflict between cultural groups.TF
F
Hinduism and Buddhism originated in the lowlands of these rivers:
Indus and Ganges
In some parts of the world, especially in much of Europe, religion has declined, giving way to:
secularization
The faith that spread from its hearth in the Middle East in a predominantly militaristic manner was:
Islam
Islamic law is known as:
sharia
Which of the following faiths is monotheistic and follows a holy book called the Adi Granth?
Sikhism
Islam was founded by:
Muhammad
Which religious hearth is found in India?
the Indus-Ganges hearth
The religion centered in the Punjab state of India is:
Sikhism
Which of the following religions of East Asia believes that spirits inhabit natural objects such as waterfalls and mountains?
Shinto
The core area of Mormonism is in:
Utah
How many times per day are Muslims expected to pray?
five
Which sacred color often appears on the mosque domes and minarets of Islam?
green
The variation of Buddhism that prevails in Tibet and Mongolia is:
Lamaism