parasympathetic
also referred to as the craniosacral system
reticular foramen
A group of specialized nerve cells, interconnected with parallel and serially running neuronal circuits; homeostatic state maintenance
sympathetic
also referred to as thoracolumbar system
gray matter
tissue of the brain and spinal cord that have dendrites and axon terminals; synapses occur here
dura mater
thickest, outer membrane, nerve supply
white matter
covered by myelin sheath; medullary fibers
arachnoid
CSF is found in subpart; fibrous tissue, keeps space open between dura and pia
pia
membrane closest to the surface of the brain
periosteal and meningeal
2 layers of the dura mater
periosteal
meninges layer absent in spinal cord
horizontal
traveling pattern of the corpus callosum; inter hemispheric because of this
disconnection syndrome
syndrome where can find what touching, but could not name
olfactory
cranial nerve 1
optic
cranial nerve 2
oculomotor
cranial nerve 3
trochlear
cranial nerve 4
trigeminal
cranial nerve 5
abducens
cranial nerve 6
facial
cranial nerve 7
vestibulo-acoustic
cranial nerve 8
glossopharangeal
cranial nerve 9
vagus
cranial nerve 10
accessory
cranial nerve 11
hypoglossal
cranial nerve 12
tectum
provides three-dimensional orientation map, provides response to bright light and mediates visual reflexes
superior colliculus
receives visual signals from retina of eye; helps form tectum
inferior colliculus
processes visual signals; helps form tectum
corpora quadremina
the four colliculi (2 inferior, 2 superior)
8
number of spinal nerves in the cervical spinal region
12
number of spinal nerves in the thoracic spinal region
5
number of spinal nerves in the lumbar spinal region
5
number of spinal nerves in the sacral spinal region
area 17 on the left
lesion results in right hemianopsia (decreased blindness in half the visual field)
area 41
lesion in this area could cause auditory imperceptibility (not able to perceive)
prefrontal
white matter lesion in this lobe would cause loss of executive function
separation of hemispheres
cutting the corpus callosum
precentral gyrus
hemiplegia (paralysis on one side of body) as result of lesion here
postcentral gyrus
hemianesthesia (loss of sensation in one lateral half of the body) as result of lesion here
limbic lobe
impaired motivation and emotion as result of lesion here
basal ganglia
involuntary moments as a result of lesion here
ventricles and CSF
hydrocephalus as a result of lesion here (excess accumulation of CSF and widening of ventricles-spaces in the brain)
hypothalamus
hormonal disorder as result of lesion here
thalamus
involved in sensory and motor signal relay and the regulation of consciousness and sleep; voluntary bodily movement and coordination
arachnoid
meningitis- inflammation of the meninges; headache and neck stiffness; as result of lesion here
cerebellum
incoordination as a result of lesion here
projection
fibers that include sensory and motor fibers (up and down movement) and are intrahemispheric (stay in same hemisphere)
association
fibers that connect regions in the same hemispheres; short u fibers
commissural
fibers that are inter hemispheric (connect 2 hemispheres); important for the corpus callosum
cingulum
C-shaped and plays a role in limbic function; a pathway under the singular gyrus
brainstem
location of the cortical arousal system; reticular activating system is found here
cerebellum
function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity; coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity
basal ganglia
Regulation of motor functions, muscle tone, and accessory movements; part of telencephalon
amygdala
integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation
area 22
lesion in this area results in incomprehension of spoken language