What are natural rights?
Rights that you are born with that you expect the government to protect:LifeLibertyProperty
What did John Locke believe?
Men are by nature free and equal. (Social contract)People are good and have the ability to reasonLimited govt was to protect the rights of the peopleIf the govt did not protector was unfair the people the people would revoltPeople had the right to chose which laws governed them and the rulers as well
How did Locke influence the American government?
We see his idea in the declaration of independence
How did Montesquieu influence the American government?
the separation of powers
What types of complaints did the colonists lobby against George III in the Declaration of Independence?
Criticism against his limitations on individual rights. -He didn't have a trial by jury, sometimes you had to go far away to be put on trial rather than in your own town-No taxation without representation-unemployed soldiers sent to the colonies to be quartered --king and parliament acting together
What did the Northwest Ordinance do? How did it affect the future of the country?
-set up rules for statehood= 37 more states were added-no slavery in certain zones-set aside land for public schools= federal and state payment for education (still exists)-free speech= protected in the first amendment-freedom of religion (protestant religion)= protected in the bill of rights-trial by jury
What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
-It was too weak and couldn't tax-Couldn't draft an army making the US vulnerable because we couldn't defend ourselves internally and externally -Weak central government-Couldn't control interstate commerce and didn't have a good way to resolve differences within the states because we didn't really have a judicial system to work through conflicts
How did the Founders attempt to correct these weaknesses at the Constitutional Convention?
They fixed everything with the new constitution...-gave the central government power to tax-made the central government more powerful than the states-could have an army now-central government needs an executive (president/commander and chief)-coin money
What were the differences between a Federalist and an Anti-federalist?
Anti-federalists believed in the states being more powerful and the Federalists believed that the natonial government should be more powerful
What was the goal of the Federalist Papers?
to promote the ratification of the us constitution
Why was the Bill of Rights written?
To specifically outlined which rights you have that aren't protected and to compromise with the anti-federalists because they were suspicious and wanted the protection of individual rights
What effect did the Compromise of 1877 have on Reconstruction?
-It ended reconstruction because Rutherford Hayes agreed to take the troops out of the south in exchange for the presidency -since the troops were gone there was no one to make sure that laws to protect freed african americans were enforced
How did the black codes lead to the era of Jim Crow?
-In the 1870's there were black codes that varied from town to town and they were laws that said what black people could and couldn't do in the south-In the 1880's they started to become more consistent, when they become more consistent they are known as the era(time period) of Jim Crow-1890's the Supreme Court has decided that legalized segregation is acceptable
What is the legacy of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?
Separate but equal became the law of the land
How are Native Americans treated by both the government and settlers in the late 1800s?
Govt: -A series of treaties were made and broken and they were forced to move west, also the government attempted to Americanize the indiansSettlers: settlers encroached( tired to take over) indian land, and then when the indians resisted they complained to the government for help
How did the large wave of immigrants arriving after 1880 affect the workplace?
High demand for jobs or job competition and then the wage of the jobs would go down
Describe the living conditions of immigrants in the late 1880s.
lived in small crowded buildings called tenements, very dirty, unsafe, didn't have proper ventilation
In the Other Half Lives, what did Jacob Riis try and bring to public attention?
He was trying to show how bad immigrants lived, he was trying to shame them because it was there greed that made them live that way(companies could have paid their workers more, if you owned the tenements you could improve them but you were greedy so you didn't)
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the farming industry?
They left the farming life and mechanization took over so there was no need for many people. Farmers went to the city to look for jobs although there weren't extra jobs
How did the assembly line affect industrialization?
Produce items quicker and in larger amounts making prices lower
How did improvements in transportation affect where people lived in the Industrial Age?
Cars allowed the middle class and upper class to move to the suburbs but the working class lived in the city because they didn't have the time or the money for cars
Why did labor unions attempt to organize in the late 19th Century?
Shorter hours, better pay, safer conditions (unsuccessful)
What ended the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
Troops are sent in to stop striking workers from damaging property
What happened at Haymarket Square? How did this affect labor?
Wanted an 8 hour work day, and on the last night a bomb was thrown into the crowd of strikers making lots of people lose support for the labor unions (knights of labor)
What was the final result at Fort Frick(Homestead)?
pay cuts and refused to renew the contract with the local unionTroops are sent in to stop striking workers from damaging property
What was the final result of the Pullman Strike?
Eugene Debs was arrested and he became a socialist Troops are sent in to stop striking workers from damaging property
What is laissez-faire?
Govt not involved in economic or business policy
Why did the Populist Party form?
to give farmers a voice in government
What were the main platforms of the Populist Party?
1.free silver2.secret ballots3.single term limits for president and vice president4.graduated income taxes: the more you made the 5.higher percent you payed6.initiative7.recall8.referendum9.government loans to farmers10. immigration restrictions11.shorter working hours12.government leadership in the industries13.election of US senators by popular vote
What was the goal of the Progressive movement?
To fix what was wrong in the cities because of rapid industrialization
What did Sherman Anti-Trust (1890) and Clayton Anti-Trust (1914) attempt to do?
1890 sherman antitrust law were passed but rarely enforced, until teddy roosevelt came to office and until 1914 they are all outlawed
The Jungle focused on which industry? What was the effect of this publication?
The food industry (meat packing industry), laws were passed such as the pure food and drug act and also the meat inspection act
The federal government attempted to bring the railroad industry under its control through which laws?
Interstate commerce act, elkins act, hepburn act, and a supreme court case against a railroad holding company called northern securities
What is imperialism?
when on country tries to take over another country for power and profit.
What were the motives for American imperialism at the turn of the century?
-resources-power-trade-social darwinism
What new lands did the U.S. gain from the Spanish-American War?
guam, philippines, puerto rico, and cuba (Philippines and Guam are in the Pacific, and Cuba and Puerto Rico are in the caribbean)
Why did the U.S. want to build the Panama Canal?
They would be able to use it as a quicker route to get to the pacific lands and it was easier to transport goods and to trade with Asia
Why did the U.S. annex Hawaii?
They wanted Hawaii because they invested in a lot of sugar and wanted a place in the Pacific to refuel and resupply their ships
What was the goal of the Open Door Policy in China?
We wanted to have free access/free trade to new markets
What problems did the U.S. Senate have with the treaty Wilson brought home from Europe? What was the outcome?
1. They didn't like the league of nations, they were afraid that they would get pulled into war without senate permission.Outcome-They didn't join the league and they signed a separate treaty
Why did European countries have trouble repaying their war debt in the 1920s?
we put a tariff on foreign goods
What was the Great Migration? What effect did it have on society?
a lot of African Americans moved to the North for better living places. lead to: Positive-Harlem renaissances Negative: also caused race riots, housing and job competition
What was the Red Scare? Which groups were targeted?
we are afraid of communism and we target radicals, mostly immigrants with radical ideas, communists, and labor union leaders, most people were deported or put in jail for what they believed
Why did the KKK resurface in the 19-teens?
1. The communist revolution2. Reaction to the large diverse population in that second wave of immigration (size and where the immigrants are coming from)3. They target Jews, Catholics, and Immigrants
What caused Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to start the "Palmer Raids"?
espionage act to target people who were disloyal to the country and some of those people who targeted started sending bombs in the mail to prominent businessmen and politicians and Palmer used the Palmer Raids to find out who these people were because they were violent
What does the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti reveal about the U.S. in the 1920s?
We were afraid of radical ideas so they were convicted of their beliefs and not their actions
How did the government's relationship with business change in the late 1800s/early 1900s?
Govt started to put limitations on monopolies and trusts but it was inconsistently enforced those laws
What were the effects of Prohibition?
Rise of gangs and organized crimes (gangs and mafias), others would go to speakeasies, ordinary people would commit crimes because they didn't like the laws
How did the 19th Amendment impact women?
gave them the right to voteOnce they got this right they would...1. Be more politically active2. Wanted more rights3. They might not be happy with just voting and want to be able to be elected into office
How did the entertainment industry grow in the 1920s?
Movies started off as silent and then became talkies at the end of the decade, sports heros/people going to games, theme parks, music(jazz) and people are hearing it on the radio
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
White people realized that black people have always been producing art and so they become interested in that. White Americans pay attention the achievements in african american cultures
What were the causes of the Great Depression?
-Credit was negative to the stock market because the bank took all the risk-Money in the bank was not insured -Bank made risky loans -Dust Bowl-The gap between the rich and the poor was growing-The trickle down policy in business that was supposed to be effective but the money never trickled down and only helped the rich -European countries couldn't pay their war debts back because they were out of money-Overproduction of factory goods
What were the problems with the solutions that President Hoover initiated to resolve the Depression?
Hoover tries to help businesses through reconstruction finance incorporation but it didn't reach down to help the workers because businesses wouldn't agree with price control and etc and he barely is involved in public works. He also called little things like this panics
How did the banking system under FDR improve?
He created the emergency banking act, money is insured now for FDIC, were required to keep a certain amount of money on reserve
What effect did senator Gerald Nye committee findings have on America? on Congress?
Committee went to war to make money-effect on americans: we felt we went to war because we became isolationists effect on congress: passed four separate neutrality acts to keep us out of war
What was cash-and-carry?
When allied countries came to america to buy war materials and payed in cash than took them back on their own ships. we switched to lend lease because they ran out of money
What was lend-lease?
It was when allied countries borrowed war materials and if they were in a good codition that they could be returned they would return them but if they weren't able to be returned they would pay for them
How did the Pearl Harbor attack lead to Japanese-Internment?
Americans were angry at the Japanese and were suspicious of spies
What efforts were made on the Home Front to aid the war?
There was propaganda, people followed ration guidelines, war bonds, victory gardens, saved scrap metal, etc