Progressive Era
The period from about 1890 to 1920, during which a variety of reforms were enacted at the local, state, and federal levels.
injunction
Court order prohibiting a certain activity
social welfare program
Program designed to ensure a basic standard of living for all citizens.
municipal
Relating to a city, as in municipal government.
home rule
System that gives cities a limited degree of self-rule.
direct primary
Election in which all citizens vote to select nominees for upcoming elections.
initiative
A process in which citizens can put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting voters' signatures on a petition.
referendum
Process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by their legislature.
holding company
Firm that buys up stocks and bonds of smaller companies.
recall
Procedure that permits voters to remove public officials from office before the next election.
conservationist
A person who favors the protection of natural resources.
New Nationalism
Theodore's Roosevelt's plan for greater federal regulation of business and workplaces, income and inheritance taxes, and electoral reforms.
Bull Moose Party
Nickname of the Progressive Party
Clayton Antitrust Act
Law passed in 1914 to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; specified big business activities that were forbidden.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
1914 commission established by President Wilson and Congress to enforce the Clayton Act and establish fair-trade laws.
Federal Reserve System
The nations central banking system, established in 1913,
civil disobedience
Nonviolent refusal to obey a law in an effort to change that law.
National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Organization formed in 1890 to continue the pursuit of women's rights, especially the right to vote.
Congressional Union (CU)
Radical organization formed in 1913 and led by Alice Paul that campaigned for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women's suffrage.
Progressive Era
Historians refer to the period from about 1890 to 1920 as the ____.
social, moral, economic, and political
People who called themselves Progressives did not all share the same views. For the most part, their goals fell into four categories: ___.
socialism
____ is an economic and political philosophy favoring public or government control of property and income
ballot box (voting)
Most Socialists hoped to accomplish their goals through the ____, not through revolution.
political rights
All women knew that they were powerless without ____.
Progressives
Most ___ opposed government control of businesses, except for companies that supplied essential services such as water and electricity.
Goals/Actions of municipal reformers
*Municipal reformers opposed the influence of political bosses. They argued that only a civil service system based on merit instead of favors would keep political appointees out of important jobs, such as those enforcing labor and public safety laws.
council-manager government
Dayton became the first large city to adopt a ___. Typically, this system includes an elected city council, which sets laws and appoints a professional city manager to run city services.
It's pretty much a 5 person council that governed a state.
What is the Galveston model?
water, gas, electricity
What are the three utilities?
Mayor Samuel (Golden Rule) Jones
___ opened playgrounds, free kindergartens, and lodging houses for the homeless in Toledo.
bully pulpit
Roosevelt viewed the presidency as a ____ �an ideal platform from which to guide or rally the American public to support moral, worthy causes.
arbitration
___ is a settlement in which an impartial third party decides on a legally binding solution
square deal
Fair and equal treatment for all; promised in Theodore Roosevelt's presidential campaign
regulation of the railroads
Roosevelt soon used his position to achieve a long-sought Progressive goal: ____
Hepburn Act
The act moved the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) out of its largely weak advisory role and gave it strong enforcement powers that were essentially both legislative and judicial. The act authorized the ICC to set and limit railroad rates. Thus, the I
Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act
These 1906 laws required accurate labeling of ingredients, strict sanitary conditions, and a rating system for meats.
Children's Bureau & Women's Bureau
*In response to pressure from labor and women's groups, in 1912 the government established a Children's Bureau. A Cabinet-level Department of Labor was added in 1913, and a Women's Bureau in 1920. The two new bureaus, both part of the Department of Labor,
Gifford Pinchot
In 1905, Roosevelt named ____, a forester, to head a new United States Forest Service. He sought to develop a policy for land and water use based on scientific data.
National Reclamation Act
The _____, passed in 1902, used money from the sale of public lands to build irrigation systems in arid states.
16th
The __ Amendment, ratified in 1913, authorized Congress to collect federal income taxes. Previously, the government had relied on income from tariffs.
17th
Which amendment allowed direct election of senators?
18th
The ___ Amendment, ratified in 1919, banned the production, sale, or import of alcoholic beverages.
19th
The _____ Amendment, ratified in 1920, granted suffrage (right to vote) for women.
1) be more accountable
2) curb the power and influence of wealthy interests
3) more power so it can improve the lives of its citizens
4) be more efficient and less corrupt
Four basic beliefs that were held by Progressives, government should....
Poverty was caused by land speculation, fix it with a single tax on land.
Henry George wrote, Progress and Poverty, what was the core progressive idea of his book?
Used journalism to expose political and/or big business corruption
What is a muckraker?
He exposed the horrors of the meat packing industry
Why was Upton Sinclair a muckraker? What did he expose in his book?
Worked to convince states to end child labor, NCL member, and lawyer.
Why is Florence Kelley considered a progressive reformer?
Influenced "Nationalist" clubs and the Populist Party platform of 1892. The fictional book described companies of the future that met the needs of humans, instead of making profits.
Edward Bellamy, Looking Backwards (book)
Home rule (self-rule of cities), opposed political bosses and machines, civil service systems, new types of city management, city control of utilities
Examples of MUNICIPAL reforms during Progressive Era:
U.S. senators are elected by popular vote. More POWER to voters.
Describe the 17th Amendment. Why was this a progressive reform?
Initiative
Voters can put bills before the legislature (petition).
recall
Voters can remove officials from office.
They both tried to break-up and regulate large trusts (anti-trust lawsuits).
What actions did President Roosevelt and President Taft make against trusts?
Who were the three parties and candidates in the election of 1912 (not including the Socialist Party)?
Republican Party=Taft
Bull Moose Party = Roosevelt
Democratic Party - Wilson
Who won the election of 1912? WHY?
Wilson (Democrat)
The Republican vote was split
Which group of Americans were NOT helped during the Progressive era, in-fact life worsened for this group?
African Americans
This early suffragist was an abolitionist, co-authored The Revolution, was arrested for civil disobedience, presented an amendment before congress for nearly 40 years, and was president the co-founder of the NAWSA, who was she?
Susan B. Anthony
This MAJOR suffrage organization had grown to nearly 2 million members by 1917 and worked primarily for the state-by-state vote, which organization was it?
NAWSA or National American Women Suffrage Association
This suffrage organization was radical, militant, and aggressive, which group was it? And who the key leader of this group?
Congressional Union
- Alice Paul
Besides the work of suffragists, what other MAJOR world event helped Americans to see the value of women?
World War I